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["Author","Title","Pub.Date","Pub.Type","Ref.Type","DOI","Location","Lat","Long","Article.topic","Sub-topic","Climate Zone","Population","Cover Crop","CC Rotation","Comparator","Treatment.cat","Treatment(s)","Control","Measured.outcome","Measured outcome cat","Soil Type","Farm.Sys","Study Design","Study Period (Years)","CC number in rotation","Replication","Scale","Author reported effect","Measured.outcome description","Notes"]
["Abdalla Mohamed ; Hastings Astley ; Cheng Kun ; Yue Qian ; Chadwick Dave ; Espenberg Mikk ; Truu Jaak ; Rees Robert M; Smith Pete ;","A critical review of the impacts of cover crops on nitrogen leaching, net greenhouse gas balance and crop productivity",2012,"Journal","Systematic Review","https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2012.00571.x","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","NA","Nitrogen Leaching; SOC Sequestration","Soil Minerals","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Significantly decreased N Leaching; Significantly increased SOC sequestration","Positive effect on N leaching & SOC sequestration","NA"]
["Basche AD ; DeLonge MS ;","Comparing infiltration rates in soils managed with conventional and alternative farming methods: A meta-analysis",2019,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1371/journal.pone.0215702","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Rotational Impacts","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","No-till, Cover Crops, Crop Rotation, Introducing Perennials, Crop and Livestock systems","Conventional Practice","Water infiltration rates","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Cover crops largest increase in infiltration rates (34.8±7.7%)","Positive effect on infiltration rate","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui H ; Shaver TM ; Lindquist JL ; Shapiro CA ; Elmore RW ; Francis CA ; Hergert GW ;","Cover Crops and Ecosystem Services: Insights from Studies in Temperate Soils",2015,"Journal","Systematic Review","10.2134/agronj15.0086","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil C Stocks; Soil Erosion; Soil Physical Properties; Soil Water; Nutrients; Microbial Properties","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Increase Soil C Stocks; Runoff and sediment loss decrease; Wind erosion potential decrease; Reduce compaction; improve soil structure and hydraulic properties; Recycle nutrients; Improve microbial properties ","Positive effect on soil health indicators","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui H ;","Cover Crops and Water Quality",2018,"Journal","Review","10.2134/agronj2018.02.0077","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Nitrate leaching; Sediment loss; Runoff","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Highly effective at reducing nitrate leaching; reduced runoff and sediment loss","Positive effect on N leaching, runoff and erosion","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui H ; Ruis SJ ;","Cover crop impacts on soil physical properties: A review",2020,"Journal","Review","10.1002/saj2.20129","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","NA","Soil properties","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Reduce soil penetration resistance and compaction","Positive effect on soil compaction","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui Humberto ;","Cover crops and soil ecosystem engineers",2022,"Journal","Review","https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21160","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Biodiversity","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Earthworm abundance, biomass and diversity  ","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Increased earthworm abundance (13/22 studies); increase biomass (5/10); mixed results on diversity","Positive effect on earthworm populations","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui Humberto ;","Do cover crop mixtures improve soil physical health more than monocultures?",2023,"Journal","Review","10.1007/s11104-023-06086-4","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","Multiple vs Single CC Mixes","NA","Soil physical properties","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC mixes do not enhance soil physical properties compared to monocultures","No effect of CC mixes compared to monoCC","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui H ;","Do cover crops impact labile C more than total C? Data synthesis",2023,"Journal","Review","10.1111/sum.12903","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil labile and total soil organic carbon conc.","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Increased labile SOC in 58% (18/31); 12 of these increased both labile and total SOC","Positive effect on labile SOC","NA"]
["Chaplot Vincent ; Smith Pete ;","Cover crops do not increase soil organic carbon stocks as much as has been claimed: What is the way forward?",2023,"Journal","Review","https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16917","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","No long term impact of soil carbon organic stocks","No effect on long term soil carbon stocks","37 field studies - 14 withouth appropriate controls; 13 OC content only not stocks; 5 3 years or less; 4 low data points; 2 CC as cash crop. Remaining 6 studies - 4 = no effect, 1 = negative, 1 = positive"]
["Chaudhary Bishal ;","Cover crop as approach for sustainable agriculture: a review.",2023,"Journal","Review","10.18551/rjoas.2023-05.05","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Approach for sustainable agriculture","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC improve physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, improve fertility and maintain good soil health. Legumes should be given priority.","Positive effects on soil properties & fertility","Few long term trials and experiments to examine long term effects of CCs"]
["Clement Timothée ; Bielders Charles L; Degré Aurore ;","How much do conservation cropping practices mitigate runoff and soil erosion under Western European conditions: A focus on conservation tillage, tied ridging and winter cover crops",2024,"Journal","Meta-analysis","https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13047","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","Winter CC","Bare Soil","Runoff and Soil Erosion","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Winter cover crops reduce runoff by 68% and soil losses by 72% compared to bare soil","Positive effect on runoff and erosion","On Average"]
["Cozim-Melges F ; Ripoll-Bosch R ; Oggiano P ; van Zanten HHE ; van der Putten WH ; Veen GF ;","The effect of alternative agricultural practices on soil biodiversity of bacteria, fungi, nematodes and earthworms: A review",2025,"Journal","Systematic Review","10.1016/j.agee.2024.109329","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil biodiversity","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Cover crops showed neutral to positive for the abundance of all functional groups across all taxa","Little effect on soil health indicator taxa","NA"]
["Crystal-Ornelas R ; Thapa R ; Tully KL ;","Soil organic carbon is affected by organic amendments, conservation tillage, and cover cropping in organic farming systems: A meta-analysis",2021,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agee.2021.107356","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties, Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","BMP (best management practice)","Organically-managed control groups","Soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC did not have overall influence on SOC conc. But significantly increased SOC concs after 5 years of its adoption. Indicating soil health benefits occur over time","No effect on overall SOC conc. Positive effect on long-term SOC conc.","Long-term increase in SOC conc."]
["Dabney SM ; Delgado JA ; Reeves DW ;","Using winter cover crops to improve soil and water quality.",2001,"Journal","Review","10.1081/CSS-100104110","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","NA","NA","Soil and Water Quality","Soil Matter, Soil Structure, Soil Minerals","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC increase soil quality by improving biological, chemical and physical properties (including SOC, cation exchange capacity, aggregate stability and water infiltrability). ","Positive effect on soil quality","NA"]
["Fohrafellner Julia ; Keiblinger Katharina M; Zechmeister-Boltenstern Sophie ; Murugan Rajasekaran ; Spiegel Heide ; Valkama Elena ;","Cover crops affect pool specific soil organic carbon in cropland – A meta-analysis",2024,"Journal","Meta-analysis","https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13472","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC cultivation vs non CC cultivation","Non CC cultivation","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs overall statistically significant positive effect on SOC pools compared to non CC cultivation (with regards to increasing mineral-associated organic carbon - MOAC (by 4.8%), particulate organic carbon - POC (by 23.2%) and microbial organic carbon - MBC (by 20.2%)) - N.B. IN TOP SOIL* MOAC was dependent on soil clay content and initial SOC conc.; POC influenced by CC peak biomass and experiment duration; MBC by clay content, crop rotation duration and tillage depth.","Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Hao Xiao-xiao ; Najm Majdi Abou; Steenwerth Kerri L; Nocco Mallika A; Basset Christelle ; Daccache André ;","Are there universal soil responses to cover cropping? A systematic review.",2023,"Journal","Systematic Review","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160600","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health, Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil health indicators","Soil Structure, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","1-3 Years; 4-6 Years, 7-10 Years and over 10 Years","NA","Review","Global","Strong evidence CC enhance soil structure and promote soil health (improving soil physical and chemical properties - including saturated hydraulic conductivity (mean net change 105.6%), total organic carbon (10.1%) and total nitrogen (20.2%). Exhibit weak effects on bulk density and mircoporosity. In most cases CCs increase SOC (including MBC (19.5%) and POC (49.5%))","Positive effect on soil structure & health","This systematic review found limited a pauctiy of long-term studies on soil physics, chemistry and biology"]
["Haruna SI ; Anderson SH ; Udawatta RP ; Gantzer CJ ; Phillips NC ; Cui S ; Gao Y ;","Improving soil physical properties through the use of cover crops: A review",2020,"Journal","Review","10.1002/agg2.20105","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Soil with no CC","Soil physical properties and organic matter content","Soil Structure, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Review indicates CCs reduce soil bulk density (by approx. 4%), increase macropores (33%), increase water infiltration (up to 629%) compared to no CC. Reported to lead to as much as 96% reduction in soil loss.","Positive effect on soil structure","NA"]
["Hughes Helen M; McClelland Shelby C; Schipanski Meagan E; Hillier Jonathan ;","Modelling the soil C impacts of cover crops in temperate regions.",2023,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103663","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Non CC cultivation","CC decision support tool to increase carbon stock","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Model predits increase in soil C stocks as long as cover crop biomass production exceed 1.3Mg ha-1 yr-1.","Positive effect on soil C stocks","NA"]
["Jian Jin-shi ; Du Xuan ; Reiter Mark S; Stewart Ryan D;","A meta-analysis of global cropland soil carbon changes due to cover cropping.",2020,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107735","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Significantly increase SOC with a mean overall change of 15.5%. Medium-textured soils had highest SOC stocks, fine-textured soils showed the greatest increase in SOC (mean change 39.5%). Coarse-textured soil (11.4%) and medium-textured soils (10.3%). Temperate climates had greater changes (18.7%) than tropical (7.2%). CC mixtures resulted in greater SOC increases comapred to mono-species CC. Legumes greater than grass species. CC improved soil quality. Soil carbon change was also affected by annual temperature and number of years after start of CC usage.","Positive effect on SOC","CC increased SOC most in fine-textured soils and temparate climates. Number of years since using CC also affected SOC changes."]
["Joshi DR ; Sieverding HL ; Xu H ; Kwon H ; Wang MC ; Clay SA ; Johnson JM ; Thapa R ; Westhoff S ; Clay DE ;","A global meta-analysis of cover crop response on soil carbon storage within a corn production system",2023,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1002/agj2.21340","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC vs Control","NA","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC increase SOC by 7.3% on average in Corn production systems.","Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Junod MF ; Reid B ; Sims I ; Miller AJ ;","Cover crops in cereal rotations: A quantitative review",2024,"Journal","Quantitative Review","10.1016/j.still.2023.105997","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health, Soil Properties","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil Biotic Effects and SOC","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Soil biotic effects of CC tend to be short-lived and fade by end of season. CC positively effects SOC","Little (short term) effect on soil biotic effects. Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Kim N ; Zabaloy MC ; Guan KY ; Villamil MB ;","Do cover crops benefit soil microbiome? A meta-analysis of current research",2020,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107701","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Bare Fallow","Soil microbiome","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC significantly increased parameters of soil microbial abundance, activity and diversity by 27%, 22% and 2.5% respectively compared to bare fallow. ","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["Koudahe K ; Allen SC ; Djaman K ;","Critical review of the impact of cover crops on soil properties",2022,"Journal","Review","10.1016/j.iswcr.2022.03.003","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil properties","Soil Structure, Soil Matter, Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC may reduce soil bulk density, improve soil structure and hydraulic properties to facilitate increased water infiltration and storage. Enhance SOC and SOC accretion as well as availibility of other nutrients. CC may provide better condition for soil microbiome and soil conservation.","Positive effect on soil structure & SOC","Suggest further investigation into long-term effects"]
["Liu B ; Pang DB ; Cao WX ; Li X ; Liu CG ; Li QH ;","The effect of agricultural management on soil microbial necromass: A hierarchical meta-analysis",2024,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105538","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Biodiversity","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Total microbial necromass","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC raised total microbial necromass by 25.3% and mitigated the negative effects of tillage. CC under crop rotation effectively restored the soil amino sugars.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["McClelland SC ; Paustian K ; Schipanski ME ;","Management of cover crops in temperate climates influences soil organic carbon stocks: a meta-analysis",2021,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1002/eap.2278","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC strong positive effect on soil C stocks (12% increase). Averaging 1.11Mg C/ha more soil C relative to no CC control.","Positive effect on soil C stocks","NA"]
["Meisinger JJ ; Hargrove WL ; Mikkelsen RL ; Williams JR ; Benson VW ;","Effects of cover crops on groundwater quality.",1991,"Journal","Review",null,"Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Groundwater quality","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC can reduce NO3 concn of leachates by 20-80%. Grasses and Brassicas are 2-3x more efficient than Legumes in reducing N leaching.","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Meyer N ; Bergez JE ; Constantin J ; Justes E ;","Cover crops reduce water drainage in temperate climates: A meta-analysis",2019,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1007/s13593-018-0546-y","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Bare Soil","Water drainage","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC drainage reduction by a mean effect size of 27mm compared to that of bare soil. No main determining factor found to explain the variability of water drainage reduction.","Positive effect on drainage","NA"]
["Morales ME ; Iocoli GA ; Villamil MB ; Zabaloy MC ;","[Effect of winter cover crops on the soil microbiome: a systematic literature review].",2022,"Journal","Systematic Review","10.1016/j.ram.2021.02.008","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Biodiversity","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","Winter CC","Bare Fallow","Soil microbiome","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","WCC enhance enzyme activities. More than half studies (22 total included) report higher microbial biomass in soils with WCC than in bare fallow. Effects of WCC on microbial parameters are independent of the duration of the experiments.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["Muhammad Ihsan ; Wang Jun ; Sainju Upendra M; Zhang Shao-hong ; Zhao Fa-zhu ; Khan Ahmad ;","Cover cropping enhances soil microbial biomass and affects microbial community structure: a meta-analysis.",2021,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114696","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Biodiversity","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil microbiome","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC enhance soil microbial community biomass and affected community structure compared to no CC. CC can enhance biological soil health by enhanceing microbial community abundance compared to no CC.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["Muhammad I ; Wang J ; Khan A ; Ahmad S ; Yang L ; Ali I ; Zeeshan M ; Ullah S ; Fahad S ; Ali S ; Zhou XB ;","Impact of the mixture verses solo residue management and climatic conditions on soil microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen ratio: a systematic review",2021,"Journal","Systematic Review","10.1007/s11356-021-15579-7","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs increase soil micorbial biomass carbon, SMB nitrogen and SMBC/SMBN ratios by 39, 51 and 20% respectively compared to no CCs. Mix of legume and non-legume CCs decreased these relative to sole legume or nonlegume CCs. Nonlegume enhanced these compared to legume CCs. Effect was higher in medium-textured soils compared to coasrer or fine in SMBN and ratio, SMBC was higher in coasrer-textured.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","CC can boost the biological soils health by increasing microbial pop abundance."]
["Nouri Amin ; Lukas Scott ; Singh Shikha ; Singh Surendra ; Machado Stephen ;","When do cover crops reduce nitrate leaching? A global meta-analysis",2022,"Journal","Meta-analysis","https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16269","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Bare Fallow","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs reduced nitrate leaching by 69% compared with fallow while demonstrating no effect on water drainage. Brassica and Grass CC 75 and 52% reduction. Ultisols, Histosols and Inceptisols (77,78 and 77% respectively) showed greatest reduction with CC use. Greater efficacy evident with increasing soil sand content. Conventional (63%), no-till (50%) and reduced till (38%) reduction in these systems. ","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Parmodh Sharma ; Parmodh Sharma ; Atinderpal Singh Atinderpal Singh; Kahlon CS ; Brar AS ; Grover KK ; Mahendra Dia ; Mahendra Dia ; Steiner RL ;","The role of cover crops towards sustainable soil health and agriculture - a review paper.",2018,"Journal","Review","10.4236/ajps.2018.99140","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties, Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil health indicators","Soil Structure, Soil Matter, Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC improve overall health of the soil (soil moisture content, soil microbial activities, soil C sequestration, nitrate leaching, soil water and soil health). Economical in long-term experiment studies.","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Some problems including method of killing."]
["Poeplau C ; Don A ;","Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops - a meta-analysis.",2015,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agee.2014.10.024","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Reference Crop","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","Up to 54 years","NA","Review","Global","CC had significantly higher SOC stock than reference cropland. Annual change of 0.32 Mg ha-1 yr-1 up to 54 years. ","Positive effect on soil C stocks","NA"]
["Scavo A ; Fontanazza S ; Restuccia A ; Pesce GR ; Abbate C ; Mauromicale G ;","The role of cover crops in improving soil fertility and plant nutritional status in temperate climates. A review",2022,"Journal","Review","10.1007/s13593-022-00825-0","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil fertility","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs improve the physical, chemical and biological soil properties.","Positive effect on soil structure","NA"]
["Thapa Resham ; Mirsky Steven B; Tully Katherine L;","Cover Crops Reduce Nitrate Leaching in Agroecosystems:A Global Meta-Analysis",2018,"Journal","Meta-analysis","https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2018.03.0107","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Non-leguminous CCs substaintially reduce nitrate leaching. Nonlegume-legume CC mixes reduced nitrate leaching as effectively as non-legumes and better than legumes.","Positive effect on N leaching","Lack of variance information in most resarch prevents greater insight into the degree to which CC improve water quality."]
["Valkama E ; Lemola R ; Känkänen H ; Turtola E ;","Meta-analysis of the effects of undersown catch crops on nitrogen leaching loss and grain yields in the Nordic countries",2015,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.023","Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Non-legume CCs (mainly ryegrass sp.) reduced N leaching loss by 50% average and soil nitrate N/ inorganic N by 35%. Legume CC (white and red clovers) did not diminish the risk for N leaching. ","Mixed effect on N leaching","Non-legume CC effective method of reducing N leaching"]
["Van Eerd LL ; Chahal I ; Peng YJ ; Awrey JC ;","Influence of cover crops at the four spheres: A review of ecosystem services, potential barriers, and future directions for North America",2023,"Journal","Review","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159990","North America","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Ecosystem services","Soil Structure, Soil Matter, Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC increased SOC storage, reduced wind and water erosion, suppressed plant pathogens and increase soil microbial activity.","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Further research on long-term effects"]
["Wanic M ; Zuk-Golaszewska K ; Orzech K ;","CATCH CROPS AND THE SOIL ENVIRONMENT - A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE",2019,"Journal","Review","10.5601/jelem.2018.23.3.1638","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil Organic Matter","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC increase organic carbon content, limit nutrient leaching, decrease soil compaction, improve soil aeration and soil porosity, improve soil structure, enhance microbial and enzymatic activity in soil.","Positive effect on soil health indicators","NA"]
["Wilczewski E ; Jug I ; Szpunar-Krok E ; Staniak M ; Jug D ;","Shaping Soil Properties and Yield of Cereals Using Cover Crops under Conservation Soil Tillage",2024,"Journal","Review","10.3390/agronomy14092104","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil physical and biological properties","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs can increase the number of soil microorganisms and improve the activity of soil enzymes. In some cases an increase in available forms of organic matter.   ","Positive effect on soil biodiversity","Legumes used as CC in low-fertility soil conditions and at low fertilisation levels. Non-legumes play postive role in shaping soil properties."]
["Wooliver Rachel ; Jagadamma Sindhu ;","Response of soil organic carbon fractions to cover cropping: a meta-analysis of agroecosystems.",2023,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agee.2023.108497","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Non-CC and Fallow control soils","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","In 5 years mentioned","NA","Review","Global","CCs increased total particulate organic C (14.94%) and total mineral-associated organic C (5.56%) vs non-cover cropped and fallow soil controls. POC more responsive to CC than MAOC in an average of 5 years.","Positive effect on soil C stocks","NA"]
["Yousefi M ; Dray A ; Ghazoul J ;","Assessing the effectiveness of cover crops on ecosystem services: a review of the benefits, challenges, and trade-offs",2024,"Journal","Review","10.1080/14735903.2024.2335106","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Monocropping","Ecosystem services","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Structure, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC in general enhances soil biodiversity and nutrient cycling, prevents runoff and N leaching, improves soil physical properies and C sequestration over the long term compared to monocropping.","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Mentions long term but not what that means in context"]
["Aronsson H ; Hansen EM ; Thomsen IK ; Liu J ; Ogaard AF ; Känkänen H ; Ulén B ;","The ability of cover crops to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses from arable land in southern Scandinavia and Finland",2016,"Journal","Review","10.2489/jswc.71.1.41","Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Annual ryegrass, Red Clover, Multiple Crops","Review Paper","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Nitrate leaching; Phosphate leaching","Soil Matter","Clay & Sandy mentioned","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Field","N leaching reported for all CCs investigated was 43% (ranged from 62% increase after red clover on a clay soil to 85%-89% reduction with a perennial ryegrass CC on sandy soils In Denmark. P leaching effects ranged from 86% increase to 43% decrease.","Mixed effect on N & P leaching","NA"]
["Askegaard M ; Olesen JE ; Rasmussen IA ; Kristensen K ;","Nitrate leaching from organic arable crop rotations is mostly determined by autumn field management",2011,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2011.04.014","Denmark",56.511000000000003,9.6080000000000005,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","CC used more than once","Control","CC vs Control, CC vs AP","CC","Control, Manure, Crop Rotation","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","Coarse sand, loamy sand & sandy loam","Organic","Correlative",12,"NA","CI","Farm","Nitrate leaching was lowest for a catch crop soil cover during autumn and winter","Mixed effect on N leaching","4-Year cropping rotation"]
["Attia A ; Marohn C ; Shawon AR ; de Kock A ; Feike T ;","Do rotations with cover crops increase yield and soil organic carbon?-A modeling study in southwest Germany",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2024.109167","Germany",51.773000000000003,11.144,"Soil Health","Organic Matter","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Organic Matter","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Manipulative",10,"NA","CI","Farm","Relative to BAU (Business-as-usual) and no-CC, inclusion of CC in rotation on an annual rate results in 12% and 3% higher SON and 6% and 8% higher SOC. More pronounced in use of legume CCs to non-legume CCs (which reduced N leaching better).","Mixed effect on N stocks & leaching","4-Year cropping rotation"]
["Bhardwaj AK ; Jasrotia P ; Hamilton SK ; Robertson GP ;","Ecological management of intensively cropped agro-ecosystems improves soil quality with sustained productivity.",2011,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2011.01.005","USA (Northern States)",42.24,-85.24,"Soil Health","Management regimes","Dfa","Soil","Multiple Crops","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Conventional, No-till, Reduced Input and Organic","Soil Quality Index","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Manipulative",20,"NA","CI","Farm","No-till, Reduced Input (with leguminous CC) and Organic (with leguminous CC) increased Soil Quality Index compared to conventional","Positive effect on soil quality","CC within management scheme not directly looking at impact of CC"]
["Bolinder MA ; Crotty F ; Elsen A ; Frac M ; Kismányoky T ; Lipiec J ; Tits M ; Tóth Z ; Kätterer T ;","The effect of crop residues, cover crops, manures and nitrogen fertilization on soil organic carbon changes in agroecosystems: a synthesis of reviews",2020,"Journal","Review","10.1007/s11027-020-09916-3","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Organic Carbon","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Manure applications, crop residue & N fertilisation","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","6+","NA","Review","Global","Response ratio highest with manure applications (30%), then crop residue retention and CC (9-10%) with N fertilisation lowest (6%)","Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Bowles Timothy M; Jackson Louise E; Loeher Malina ; Cavagnaro Timothy R;","Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta-analysis of tillage and cover crop effects",2017,"Journal","Meta-analysis","https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12815","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Biodiversity","Arbuscular mycorrhizas","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Tillage","Arbuscular mycorrhizas","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Less intensive tillage and winter CC increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonisation by 30%. Key variables were type of CC and type of alternative tillage. Several studies showed changes in diversity and community composition of AMF with CC but not consistent.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["Catt JA ; Howse KR ; Christian DG ; Lane PW ; Harris GL ; Goss MJ ;","Strategies to decrease nitrate leaching in the Brimstone Farm Experiment, Oxfordshire, UK, 1988-1993: the effects of winter cover crops and unfertilised grass leys.",1998,"Journal","Article","10.1023/A:1004389426718","UK",51.655999999999999,-1.639,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control, Alternative Practice","CC vs Control, CC vs AP","Winter CC","3-year grass ley, mixed cropping, continuous winter cereals","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","Heavy Clay Soil","Not described","Monitoring",5,1,"CI","Field","Less nitrate lost in winter drain flow from winter CC compared to winter fallows, but over all 5 years less nitrate leached from continuous cereal plots compared to mixed cropping.","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Chahal I ; van Eerd LL ;","Cover crops increase tomato productivity and reduce nitrogen losses in a temperate humid climate.",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1007/s10705-020-10105-6","Canada",51.253999999999998,-85.322999999999993,"Soil Health","Nitrogen Losses","Temperate humid","Soil","Oat, Oilseed Radish, Winter Rye, Mixture","CC used more than once","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil mineral N","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",8,6,"CI","Field","CC did not decrease fall soil mineral N content but accumulated an average of 93.5 kg N ha-1 in above ground tissues. Radish greater than other tested CC","Little effect on N availability","NA"]
["Chahal I ; Hooker DC ; Deen B ; Janovicek K ; Van Eerd LL ;","Long-term effects of crop rotation, tillage, and fertilizer nitrogen on soil health indicators and crop productivity in a temperate climate",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.still.2021.105121","Canada",51.253999999999998,-85.322999999999993,"Soil Health","Soil health parameters","Temperate humid","Soil","Red Clover, Alfalfa","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Monoculture","Soil Organic Carbon; Total Nitrogen; Commercial Soil Health Tests","Soil Matter, Soil Minerals","NA","Not described","Correlative","21 and 36 ","NA","CI","Farm","Diversifying corn and soybean rotations with CCs, perennials and small grain cereals enhanced soil health indicators by 32% at Ridgetown (21 years) and 49% at Elora (36 years).  ","Positive effect on soil health indicators","NA"]
["Constantin J ; Mary B ; Laurent F ; Aubrion G ; Fontaine A ; Kerveillant P ; Beaudoin N ;","Effects of catch crops, no till and reduced nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen leaching and balance in three long-term experiments",2010,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2009.10.005","France",47.997999999999998,4.0970000000000004,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","No-till; Reduced nitrogen fertilisation","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Manipulative","13-17","NA","CI","Farm","CC was the most efficient technique to decrease N leaching (from 36 to 62%) and remaind efficient in the long term. CC also increased N storage in soil organic matter (by 1024 kg ha-1 yr-1).","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Constantin J ; Beaudoin N ; Laurent F ; Cohan JP ; Duyme F ; Mary B ;","Cumulative effects of catch crops on nitrogen uptake, leaching and net mineralization.",2011,"Journal","Article","10.1007/s11104-010-0630-9","France",47.997999999999998,4.0970000000000004,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Mustard, Oilseed Radish, Annual ryegrass","CC in long term rotation","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Nitrate leaching; net mineralisation","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Manipulative","13-17","Mustard and Radish yearly; Ryegrass every 2 years","CI","Farm","CC enhanced annual mineralisation by in average 26 (mustard), 18 (radish) and 9 (ryegrass) kg N ha-1 yr-1. Efficiency of CC in reducing N leaching persisted over the years at all sites. ","Positive effect on net mineralisation and N leaching","NA"]
["Daryanto S ; Fu BoJie ; Fu BoJie ; Wang LiXin ; Wang LiXin ; Jacinthe PA ; Zhao WenWu ; Zhao WenWu ;","Quantitative synthesis on the ecosystem services of cover crops.",2018,"Journal","Quantitative Review","10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.06.013","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health, Soil Properties","Ecosystem service provision","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","Review Paper","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Fallow","Ratio of an observed variable","Soil Structure, Soil Matter, Soil Minerals","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC provided beneficial ecosystem servicess in most cases (e.g. erosion control, water quality regulation, soil moisture retention, SOM and microbial biomass and weed control. This was not the overall case for GHG emission and pest incidence (nematode).","Positive on most ES, bar GHG and pest control","Tillage could offset the extent of ecosystem service benefits provided by cover crops"]
["de Cima DS ; Luik A ; Reintam E ;","Organic farming and cover crops as an alternative to mineral fertilizers to improve soil physical properties",2015,"Journal","Article","10.1515/intag-2015-0056","Estonia",58.378,26.728999999999999,"Soil Properties","Soil physical properties","Temperate humid","Soil","Oilseed Rape, Winter Rye, Perennial ryegrass","CC in long term rotation","Control, Alternative Practice","CC vs Control, CC vs AP","CC","Conventional Practice, Manure application","Penetration resistance, soil water content, porosity, water permeability and organic carbon","Soil Structure","NA","Conventional, Organic","Manipulative",5,3,"CI","Field","All systems showed similar tendencies and differences were only found between the control and other systems. CC did not have a significant effect on soil physical properties in comparison to conventional practices (kept bare during winter period).","Positive comapred to control; neutral to conventional","NA"]
["De Notaris Chiara ; Mortensen Esben Øster; Sørensen Peter ; Olesen Jørgen E; Rasmussen Jim ;","Cover crop mixtures including legumes can self-regulate to optimize N2 fixation while reducing nitrate leaching.",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2020.107287","Denmark",56.161999999999999,10.204000000000001,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate humid","Soil","Perennial Ryegrass, Chicory, White Clover, Red Clover","CC used more than once","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","Legume CC mix","Non-legume CC Mix","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","NA","Organic","Manipulative",3,4,"CI","Field","Legume-based CC mixtures are self-regulating in terms of nitrate leaching reduction.","Positive effect on N leaching","CC grown each year"]
["Du X ; Jian JS ; Du C ; Stewart RD ;","Conservation management decreases surface runoff and soil erosion",2022,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.iswcr.2021.08.001","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Runoff & Erosion","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","Review Paper","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Agroforestry, no-till, reduced tillage & residue return","Surface runoff & soil erosion","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC was associated with the greatest reductions in both surface runoff and erosion of conservation management pracices","Positive effect on runoff and erosion","NA"]
["Dupla X ; Lemaitre T ; Grand S ; Gondret K ; Charles R ; Verrecchia E ; Boivin P ;","On-Farm Relationships Between Agricultural Practices and Annual Changes in Organic Carbon Content at a Regional Scale",2022,"Journal","Article","10.3389/fenvs.2022.834055","Switzerland",46.52,6.6319999999999997,"Soil Properties","Soil organic carbon","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Other Cropping Systems","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",10,"NA","CI","Farm","CC intensity significantly correlated to SOC increase","Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Eremeev V ; Talgre L ; Kuht J ; Mäeorg E ; Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani K ; Alaru M ; Loit E ; Runno-Paurson E ; Luik A ;","The soil microbial hydrolytic activity, content of nitrogen and organic carbon were enhanced by organic farming management using cover crops and composts in potato cultivation",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1080/09064710.2019.1673475","Estonia",58.378,26.728999999999999,"Soil Properties, Soil Biodiversity","Soil microbial activity & matter","Temperate humid","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice, Control","CC vs AP, CC vs Control","Organic with winter CC","Organic & Conventional Control, Conventional with N application","Soil microbial hydrolytic activity & Soil OM","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Conventional, Organic","Manipulative",6,"NA","CI","Field","Soil microbial hydrolytic activity was highest in organic with winter CC; SOC & N-tot higher in organic farming systems","Positive effect on soil microbial community and OM","NA"]
["Fraser PM ; Curtin D ; Harrison-Kirk T ; Meenken ED ; Beare MH ; Tabley F ; Gillespie RN ; Francis GS ;","Winter Nitrate Leaching under Different Tillage and Winter Cover Crop Management Practices",2013,"Journal","Article","10.2136/sssaj2012.0256","New Zealand",-43.531999999999996,172.637,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Forage Rape","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Tillage intensity (controls of not cultivated or not fertilised)","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Manipulative",7,1,"CI","Field","Winter CC were effective in reducing nitrate leaching losses, particularly in drier winters when about 50% less N leached.","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Garland G ; Edlinger A ; Banerjee S ; Degrune F ; Garcia-Palacios P ; Pescador DS ; Herzog C ; Romdhane S ; Saghai A ; Spor A ; Wagg C ; Hallin S ; Maestre FT ; Philippot L ; Rillig MC ; van der Heijden MGA ;","Crop cover is more important than rotational diversity for soil multifunctionality and cereal yields in European cropping systems.",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1038/s43016-020-00210-8","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health, Soil Biodiversity","Soil multifunctionality","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Rotational diversity","Soil microbial diversity & soil multifunctionality (SMF)","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Correlative",10,"NA","CI","Field","Crop diversity showed relatively minor effect on soil microbial diversity & SMF. In contrast, the proportion of time with CC during 10-year rotation had a much strong impact.","Positive effect on soil microbial diversity and SMF","NA"]
["Gentsch N ; Riechers FL ; Boy J ; Schweneker D ; Feuerstein U ; Heuermann D ; Guggenberger G ;","Cover crops improve soil structure and change organic carbon distribution in macroaggregate fractions",2024,"Journal","Article","10.5194/soil-10-139-2024","Germany",51.823999999999998,11.287000000000001,"Soil Properties, Soil Health","Soil organic carbon","Temperate","Soil","Mustard, Phacelia, Oat, Clover, Mixture","CC used more than once","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Fallow","Soil Organic Carbon & Mean Weigth Diameter (MWD)","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring","3 crop rotations",3,"CI","Field","Compared to fallow, all CCs (including mix) increased MWD between 10 and 19% in soil under main crop. Single CCs more likely to increase OC storage in small macroaggregates (<1mm), whilst CC mix were more likely to increase OC in largest fraction (8-16mm).","Positive effect on soil structure and OC storage","CC grown each year"]
["Hu Ying-xiao ; Zhan Peng-jie ; Thomas Ben W; Zhao Jing-kun ; Zhang Xue-liang ; Yan He ; Zhang Zhi-bin ; Chen Shuang ; Shi Xiao-jun ; Zhang Yu-ting ;","Organic carbon and nitrogen accumulation in orchard soil with organic fertilization and cover crop management: a global meta-analysis.",2022,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158402","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Soil organic matter","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) & Total Nitrogen Stocks (STN)","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","SOC (2.98 Mg C/ha/yr) and STN (0.25 Mg N/ha/yr) accumulated fastest during first three years of CC implementation and declind thereafter. 5+ years CC, SOC accumulation fastest with 800mm of mean annual rainfall.","Positive effect on SOC & STN in first three years","NA"]
["Hu QJ ; Thomas B ; Powlson D ; Hu YX ; Zhang Y ; Jun X ; Shi XJ ; Zhang YT ;","Soil organic carbon fractions in response to soil, environmental and agronomic factors under cover cropping systems: A global meta-analysis",2023,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agee.2023.108591","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Soil organic carbon","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Bare Soil","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Compare to bare soil mamangement, CCs increased SOC by 12% and increase 7 SOC fractions (including microbial biomass carbon by 33%, dissolved organic carbon by 18%, permanganate oxidizable carbon by 13%, short-term mineralisable carbon by 10% and mineral-associated organic carbon by 7%.","Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Jordon MW ; Willis KJ ; Bürkner PC ; Haddaway NR ; Smith P ; Petrokofsky G ;","Temperate Regenerative Agriculture practices increase soil carbon but not crop yield-a meta-analysis",2022,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1088/1748-9326/ac8609","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Soil Carbon","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","Review Paper","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Reduced tillage & including grass-based phase","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","Average study duration 15","NA","Review","Global","SOC increase with reduced tillage and ley-arable compared to conventional practice over avrage 15 year study, but no effect of cover crops.","No effect on SOC over average 15 year","NA"]
["Känkänen H ; Eriksson C ; Räkköläinen M ; Vuorinen M ;","Effect of annually repeated undersowing on cereal grain yields",2001,"Journal","Article","10.23986/afsci.5693","Finland",61.335999999999999,24.271000000000001,"Soil Properties, Soil Health","Soil mineral N","Temperate","Soil","Red Clover, White Clover, Annual ryegrass","CC used more than once, CC in long term rotation","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Soil mineral N & Soil fertility","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",6,6,"CI","Field","Ryegrass did not affect soil mineral N, increase by clovers small. Soil fertility was not notably improved during 6 years on undersowing.","Little effect on soil mineral N","Undersown"]
["Kauer Karin ; Pärnpuu Sandra ; Talgre Liina ; Eremeev Viacheslav ; Luik Anne ;","Soil particulate and mineral-associated organic matter increases in organic farming under cover cropping and manure addition.",2021,"Journal","Article","10.3390/agriculture11090903","Estonia",58.378,26.728999999999999,"Soil Health","Soil organic carbon","Temperate humid","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC (organic)","Conventional with mineral fertilisation; CC with and without composted manure","Soil Organic Carbon & Soil organic matter","Soil Matter","NA","Conventional, Organic","Correlative",10,"NA","CI","Farm","Higher SOC sequestration rate (1.26 Mg ha-1 yr-1) in organic treatment with CC and composted manure. CC had higher overall effect on SOM compared to the addition of manure.","Positive effect on SOC sequestration and SOM","NA"]
["Kirchmann Holger ; Bergström Lars ; Kätterer Thomas ; Mattsson Lennart ; Gesslein Sven ;","Comparison of Long-Term Organic and Conventional Crop–Livestock Systems on a Previously Nutrient-Depleted Soil in Sweden",2007,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0061","Sweden",55.42,13.43,"Soil Health, Soil Properties","Leaching; Soil Carbon","Temperate","Soil","Legumes","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","Legume CC","P application; exclusion of OSR & inclusion of potato; mechanical weeding; manure application","Nitrate leaching; Soil carbon C concentrations","Soil Matter","NA","Organic, Conventional","Manipulative",18,"Every second year","CI","Field","N leaching not reduced by organic farming. Soil carbon concentrations decreased in both systems, but less in organic systems.","Negative/ no effect of use of CC compared to conventional","In Sweden"]
["Kuht Jaan ; Eremeev Viacheslav ; Talgre Liina ; Alaru Maarika ; Loit Evelin ; Mäeorg Erkki ; Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani Keyvan ; Luik Anne ;","Changes in the soil microbial hydrolytic activity and the content of organic carbon and total nitrogen by growing spring barley undersown with red clover in different farming systems.",2019,"Journal","Article","10.3390/agriculture9070146","Estonia",58.378,26.728999999999999,"Soil Biodiversity","Soil microbial activity","Temperate humid","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Conventional Practice","Soil microbial hydrolytic activity","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Conventional, Organic","Monitoring",5,"NA","CI","Farm","In organic systems (with winter CC) soil microbial hydrolytic activity increased on average by 19% compared to conventional. ","Positive effect on soil microbial activity","NA"]
["Kuo S ; Jellum EJ ;","Long-term winter cover cropping effects on corn (Zea mays L.) production and soil nitrogen availability.",2000,"Journal","Article","10.1007/s003740000193","USA (Northern States)",47.185000000000002,-122.29300000000001,"Soil Health","Soil N","Temperate","Soil","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye, Annual ryegrass","CC in long term rotation","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Soil N availability","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",9,"Yearly","CI","Field","CCs benefited soil organic N accumulation. Hairy Vetch had the highest positive effect.","Positive effect on soil N","NA"]
["Kuo S ; Huang B ; Bembenek R ;","Effect of Winter Cover Crops on Soil Nitrogen Availability, Corn Yield, and Nitrate Leaching",2001,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.267","USA (Northern States)",47.185000000000002,-122.29300000000001,"Soil Health","Soil N & Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye, Annual ryegrass, Mixture","CC in long term rotation","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","MonoCC and Bicultured CC","Soil N availability; Nitract leaching","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Manipulative","5 (study period. In CC rotation for 12)","Yearly","CI","Field","Vetch highest effect on Soil N, bicultures next. Ryegrass & Rye little to no effect on soil N. Variable response to N leaching.","Mixed effect on soil N availability & N leaching","NA"]
["Lee J ; Necpálová M ; Six J ;","Biophysical potential of organic cropping practices as a sustainable alternative in Switzerland",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102822","Switzerland",47.377000000000002,8.5419999999999998,"Soil Health","Soil organic carbon & GHG emissions","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Conventional vs Organic","Soil Organic Carbon; N2O Emissions","Soil Matter","NA","Conventional, Organic","Correlative",12,"NA","BA","Field","Converting conventional to organic led to a on regional mitigation in soil GHG emissions by 0.34 - 1.10 Mg CO2 -eq ha-1 yr-1. CC increased SOC stocks up to 433 kg C ha-1 yr-1.","Positive effect on SOC & GHG mitgation","NA"]
["Lekberg Y ; McLeod M ; Bullington LS ; DuPre ME ; De La Roca G ; Greenbaum S ; Rousk J ; Ramsey PW ;","Substantial and Rapid Increase in Soil Health across Crops with Conversion from Conventional to Regenerative Practices",2024,"Journal","Article","10.3390/su16135509","Sweden",55.704999999999998,13.191000000000001,"Soil Health","Soil health parameters","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC (with other organic practices)","Conventional transition to organic","Microbial biomass & composition; SOM; and water stable aggregates","Soil Structure, Soil Matter, Soil Biodiversity","NA","Conventional, Organic","Correlative","0, 5 and 9","NA","BA","Farm","Substantial and consistent increase in SOM, water stable aggregates and microbial biomass, especially during first 5 years. ","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Multiple regen practices used at once"]
["Liang Zhi ; Rasmussen Jim ; Poeplau Christopher ; Elsgaard Lars ;","Priming effects decrease with the quantity of cover crop residues - potential implications for soil carbon sequestration.",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.soilbio.2023.109110","Denmark",56.511000000000003,9.6120000000000001,"Soil Health","Soil organic carbon","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Long term trends","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",20,"NA","CI","Field","CC for up to two decades had negligible effect on SOC in particulate organic matter and mineral-associated organic matter","Negligible long term effect on SOC","NA"]
["Marcinkevičienė A ; Pupalienė R ; Bogužas V ; Balnytė S ;","Influence of crop rotation and catch crop for green manure on nitrogen balance in organic farming.",2008,"Journal","Article","http://www.maleidykla.katalogas.lt","Lithuania",54.893999999999998,23.835000000000001,"Soil Properties","Nitrogen balance","Dfb","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC used more than once","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Without CC","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","NA","Organic","Monitoring",7,"NA","CI","Field","Catch crop for green manure reduced nitrogen leaching by 94.9% in crop rotation III in comparison to same rotation without catch crop.","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Martínez-García LB ; Korthals G ; Brussaard L ; Jørgensen HB ; Deyn GB de;","Organic management and cover crop species steer soil microbial community structure and functionality along with soil organic matter properties.",2018,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2018.04.018","Netherlands",51.323,5.5110000000000001,"Soil Biodiversity, Soil Health","Microbial community structure & SOM properites","Temperate","Soil","Winter Rye, Oat","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","Organic/ Conventional with CC","Organic/ Conventional without CC","Microbial community biomass, structure and catabolic acitivity & SOM quantity and quality","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Conventional, Organic","Manipulative",10,"NA","CI","Field","Effects of organic management amplified by Oat as a cover crop, which enhanced abundance of saprotrophic fungi. Organic management enhances abundance of all microbial groups and associated with higher conc. And lower aromaticity of dissolved OM. These effects can be enlarged by the growth of specific CCs.","Additional positive effect on soil microbial communities & SOM","In addition to organic management compared to conventional"]
["Martlew J ; Otten W ; Morris N ; de Baets S ; Deeks LK ;","Long-term impacts of repeated cover cropping and cultivation approaches on subsoil physical properties.",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.still.2023.105761","UK",52.195,0.13100000000000001,"Soil Properties","Soil physical properties","Temperate","Soil","Brassicas","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","Brassica CC alternated annually with winter wheat","Continuous Winter Wheat","Penetration resistance, volumetric soil moisture, soil water retention, water stable aggregates, root morphology and biomass.","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Monitoring",12,"Annually alternated CC","CI","Field","CC treatment (with shallow cultivation) resulted in lower penetration resistance and increase moisture in subsoil. This persisted later in the season compared to the control. Benefits from CC treatment no observed where combined with higher intensity, deeper cultivation. ","Positive effect on soil physical properties with shallow cultivation","NA"]
["Meyer N ; Bergez JE ; Justes E ; Constantin J ;","Influence of cover crop on water and nitrogen balances and cash crop yield in a temperate climate: A modelling approach using the STICS soil-crop model",2022,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.eja.2021.126416","France",42.5,2.5,"Soil Properties","Water & N Balances","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Nitrate leaching; Water drainage; Soil water content; Total soil mineral N","Soil Structure, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Simulation",25,"NA","Simulation","Farm","CC decreased nitrate leaching but also decreased drainage by 5-40mm (mainly due to sowing and termination date). N leaching decrease varied greatly among sites. CC little influence on soil water content in upper 0.1m of soil, decrease soil water content of total soil profile by 0-30mm. Total soil mineral N decreased at driest and rainiest sites.","Positive effect on N leaching; Negative effect on soil drainage; Little to negative effect on Soil water content ","Model simulations"]
["Nivelle E ; Verzeaux J ; Habbib H ; Kuzyakov Y ; Decocq G ; Roger D ; Lacoux J ; Duclercq J ; Spicher F ; Nava-Saucedo JE ; Catterou M ; Dubois F ; Tetu T ;","Functional response of soil microbial communities to tillage, cover crops and nitrogen fertilization.",2016,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.08.004","France",50.44,2.2200000000000002,"Soil Biodiversity","Soil microbial communities","Temperate","Soil","Mixture","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","Low legume CC mix & high legume C mix","Without CC","Microbial functional diversity; C & N content; Enzyme activity","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Conventional","Manipulative",5,"NA","CI","Field","CC (with no-Till) increased soil organic C & N by more than 20%. CC did not effect enzyme activity. CC (without N fertilisation & with No-Till) led to higher microbial functional activity and diversity.","Positive effect on SOM & Microbial communities; No effect on soil enzyme activity","NA"]
["Norberg L ; Aronsson H ;","Effects of cover crops sown in autumn on N and P leaching",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1111/sum.12565","Sweden",59.859000000000002,17.638999999999999,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Oilseed Radish, Mixture","CC in long term rotation","CC Comparison, Control","CC vs CC, CC vs Control","Oilseed Radish pure stand","Two mixtures (Hairy Vetch & Rye - 3 years; Oilseed Radish & Buckwheat - 2 years), plus unplanted control","Nitrate leaching; Phosphate leaching","Soil Matter","Clay Loam","Not described","Manipulative",6,"NA","CI","Plot","Oilseed radish had significantly smaller yearly mean N conc. In drainage water over 5/6 years compared to control. Mineral N content in soil profile lower too. Mixes also showed potential to reduce soil mineral N and N conc. In drainage water. CC no impact on P leaching.","Positive effect on N leaching; Little to no effect on P leaching","NA"]
["Norberg L ; Aronsson H ;","Effects of spring and autumn tillage, catch crops, and pig manure application on long-term nutrient leaching from a loamy sand",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.eja.2024.127156","Sweden",59.859000000000002,17.638999999999999,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Perennial Ryegrass, Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Tillage & Fertilisation","Nitrate leaching; Phosphate leaching; Potassium leaching","Soil Matter","Loamy Sand","Not described","Monitoring",28,"NA","CI","Field","Undersown CC (Perennial ryegrass) (with spring tillage) reduced total N leaching & conc. In drainage water compared to autumn tillage. CC (with spring tillage) increase P leaching & conc. Comapred to autumn tillage and no CC. K leaching increased with CC.","Variable effect on N & P leaching depending on crop tillage; Negative effect on K leaching","NA"]
["Peng Yajun ; Rieke Elizabeth L; Chahal Inderjot ; Norris Charlotte E; Janovicek Ken ; Mitchell Jeffrey P; Roozeboom Kraig L; Hayden Zachary D; Strock Jeffrey S; Machado Stephen ; Sykes Virginia R; Deen Bill ; Tavarez Oscar Bañuelos; Gamble Audrey V; Scow Kate M; Brainard Daniel C; Millar Neville ; Johnson Gregg A; Schindelbeck Robert R; Kurtz Kirsten SM; van Es Harold ; Kumar Sandeep ; van Eerd Laura L;","Maximizing soil organic carbon stocks under cover cropping: insights from long-term agricultural experiments in North America.",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2023.108599","USA (Northern States), Canada","NA","NA","Soil Health","Soil organic carbon","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil health indicators","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring","5+ (oldest established in 1896)","NA","CI","Farm","Overall, CC significantly improved soil health indicators: greater SOC (conc +8%; stock +7%), total N (+8%), water-stable aggregates (+15%), and potential carbon mineralisation (+34%) on average compared to no-CC control. Sig positive effect (0.36) on SOC stocks, with non-legumes showing greater impact compared to legumes and mixes.","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Non-legume CC has greatest potential in North America"]
["Peng YJ ; Van Eerd LL ;","Surface soil sampling underestimates soil carbon and nitrogen storage of long-term cover cropping",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00885","Canada",42.439,-81.887,"Soil Health","Soil organic matter","Temperate humid","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Organic Matter","Soil Matter","Sandy Loam","Not described","Monitoring",15,"NA","CI","Field","Overall, long-term CC had significantly greater SOC and TN stocks (22% & 26% respectively) in the 0-120cm depth compared to no CC. If only 0-15 cm depth evaluated, LT CC did not significantly effect SOC and TN stocks.","Positive effect on SOC and TN stocks","Protocols that focus on shallow soil depths may not show true effect of CC"]
["Qi JY ; Jensen JL ; Christensen BT ; Munkholm LJ ;","Soil structural stability following decades of straw incorporation and use of ryegrass cover crops",2022,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115463","Denmark",55.470999999999997,9.0960000000000001,"Soil Properties","Soil structural stability","Temperate","Soil","Perennial Ryegrass","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC (combined with straw incorporation)","No CC","Soil structural properties","Soil Structure","Sandy Loam (with 12% clay)","Not described","Manipulative",40,"NA","CI","Field","SOC content increase when ryegrass CC was grown. Root biomass marginally greater when CC included. CC inclusion did not affect macro-aggregates at 1-2mm but decreased at 8-16mm. CC increase stabilisation of large-macroaggregates.","Positive effect on SOC; Little effect on macro-aggregates","NA"]
["Shepherd M A;","The effectiveness of cover crops during eight years of a UK sandland rotation",1999,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1999.tb00062.x","UK",53.314,1.121,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Conventional Practice","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","Sandy","Not described","Monitoring",8,"NA","CI","Field","CC usually decreased N leaching, effectiveness depended on good establishment before start of drainage. Over 7 years, CC decreased N conc. In draingage from 24 to 11mg L-1.","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Sleiderink Joost ; Deru Joachim GC; van der Weide Rommie ; van Eekeren Nick ;","Effects of reduced tillage and prolonged cover cropping in maize on soil quality and yield.",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.still.2024.106196","Netherlands",51.529000000000003,5.0129999999999999,"Soil Properties","Soil organic matter; Soil biota","Temperate","Soil","Winter Rye, Peas","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC (prolonged)","Tillage (conventional, non-inversion till, strip tillage, no-till)","Soil Organic Matter","Soil Matter","Sandy","Not described","Manipulative",8,"NA","CI","Field","Severe compaction prone soils can be recovered with a prolonged cover crop.","Positive effect on soil compaction","NA"]
["Stroud JL ; Irons DE ; Watts CW ; Storkey J ; Morris NL ; Stobart RM ; Fielding HA ; Whitmore AP ;","Cover cropping with oilseed radish (<i>Raphanus sativus</i>) alone does not enhance deep burrowing earthworm (<i>Lumbricus terrestris</i>) midden counts",2017,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.still.2016.07.013","UK",52.613999999999997,0.88600000000000001,"Soil Biodiversity","Earthworms","Temperate","Soil","Oilseed Radish","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Earthworm abundance","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Monitoring",8,"Yearly ","CI","Field","All trials showed that cover cropping with oilseed radish had no significant effect on Lumbricus terrestris midden counts.","No effect on earthworm counts","NA"]
["Talve T ; Talgre L ; Toom M ; Edesi L ; Karron E ; Koll B ; Eremeev V ; Luik A ; Loit E ; Börjesson G ;","Composition of the microbial community in long-term organic and conventional farming systems",2022,"Journal","Article","10.13080/z-a.2022.109.013","Sweden",59.859000000000002,17.638999999999999,"Soil Biodiversity","Soil microbial communities","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Conventional Practice","Soil microbial communities","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Conventional, Organic","Monitoring",10,"NA","CI","Field","All microbial groups were higher in organic farming system (both with CC) compared to conventional. Relative abundance of microbial community did not show significance between farming systems.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["Vavlas NC ; Porre R ; Meng L ; Elhakeem A ; van Egmond F ; Kooistra L ; De Deyn GB ;","Cover crop impacts on soil organic matter dynamics and its quantification using UAV and proximal sensing",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.atech.2024.100621","Netherlands",52.210999999999999,5.97,"Soil Properties","Soil organic matter","Temperate","Soil","Mixture, Oilseed Radish","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Fallow","Soil Organic Matter","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",6,"NA","CI","Field","Found that cover crops radish and oat-radish mixture significantly increase SOM levels compared to fallow treatment. ","Positive effect on SOM","Primarily research on proximal and remote sensesing using UAV sampling methods"]
["Vogeler I ; Hansen EM ; Thomsen IK ;","The effect of catch crops in spring barley on nitrate leaching and their fertilizer replacement value",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2022.108282","Denmark",56.264000000000003,9.5020000000000007,"Soil Health","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Mixture, Legumes, Winter Rye, Fodder Radish, Annual ryegrass","CC used more than once","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","Sandy","Not described","Manipulative",4,"Yearly","CI","Field","Fodder radish showed significantly lower leaching compared with other catch crops and the winter rye had the highest leaching. 20 year model showed catch crops reducded N leaching by 38-64% when grown every year, and by 21-39% when grown only every second year.","Positive effect on N leaching","38-64% yearly grown, 21-39% every other year"]
["Weber J ; Jamroz E ; Mielnik L ; Spaccini R ; Kocowicz A ; Cwielag-Piasecka I ; Jerzykiewicz M ; Parylak D ; Debicka M ;","Changes in Soil Humin Macromolecular Structure Resulting from Long-Term Catch Cropping.",2024,"Journal","Article","\n10.3390/molecules29215049","Switzerland",46.817999999999998,8.2279999999999998,"Soil Health","Soil Humin Structure","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Composition of humic substances","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Monitoring",30,"NA","CI","Field","Results indicate that organic residues from catch crops quickly undergo the decay process and are transformed mainly into highly reactive humus substances, which can potentially improve soil health.","Positive effect on humic substances","NA"]
["Cima DS de; Tein B ; Eremeev V ; Luik A ; Kauer K ; Reintam E ; Kahu G ;","Winter cover crop effects on soil structural stability and microbiological activity in organic farming.",2016,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2015.1130646","Estonia",58.378,26.728999999999999,"Soil Properties, Soil Biodiversity","Soil structural stability & biodiversity","Unsure","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","Organic with winter CC","Organic without winter CC","Porosity, number & biomass of earthworms, total N, organic C, % water stable aggregates and enxymatic acitivity","Soil Structure, Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Organic","Monitoring",5,"NA","CI","Field","Crop rotation had a yearly positive effect on soil bulk density & enhanced the % of air filled pores. All systems presented yearly decrease in total N. CC with manure had sig effect of enzymatic activity. No sig effect in SOC content, soil particle aggregability or number & biomass of earthworms.","Positive effect on soil bulk density; Negative effect on total N; neutral effect on SOC, aggregates & earthworms","All treatments organic, no conventional control for comparison"]
["Wood SA ; Bowman M ;","Large-scale farmer-led experiment demonstrates positive impact of cover crops on multiple soil health indicators.",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1038/s43016-021-00222-y","USA (Northern States)","NA","NA","Soil Health","Soil health parameters","Unsure","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil health indicators","Soil Structure, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",5,"NA","CI","Field","Found that up to 5 years of CC use had small but increasing impacts on 4/6 selected soil health indicators, with active carbon conc. Responding the most rapidly. Results suggest that the use of CC can begin to influence soil health within several years after adoption","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Soil health data from farmer-led trials (1,522 strip-years from 78 farms across 9 US states)"]
["Yang Z ; Singh BR ; Sitaula BK ;","Fractions of organic carbon in soils under different crop rotations, cover crops and fertilization practices.",2004,"Journal","Article","10.1023/B:FRES.0000048479.30593.ea","Norway",60.472000000000001,8.4689999999999994,"Soil Properties","Soil organic carbon","Temperate","Soil","Ryegrass, Clover","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","Clay Loam","Not described","Monitoring","13-48","NA","CI","Field","The effects of CC on SOC were found to not be significant in this experiment.","No effect on SOC after 48 years","NA"]
["Yuan Yong-ping ; Book Ruth S; Mankin Kyle R; Koropeckyj-Cox Lydia ; Christianson Laura ; Messer Tiffany ; Christianson Reid ;","An overview of the effectiveness of agricultural conservation practices for water quality improvement.",2022,"Journal","Review","10.13031/ja.14503","NA","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Water quality improvement","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","Review Paper","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","5 other practices","Nutrient & Sediment Loss","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs were effective in reducing nitrate-N loads in subsurface drainage. CC were also effective in reducing sediment and total P loads.","Positive effect on water quality improvement","NA"]
["Zyskowski RF ; Teixeira EI ; Malcolm BJ ; Johnstone PR ; Ruiter JM de;","Effectiveness of winter cover crops to reduce nitrogen leaching losses in cropping systems in Waikato, New Zealand.",2016,"Journal","Article",null,"New Zealand",-37.619,174.023,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Triticale","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Simulation",28,"NA","Simulation","Regional","Simulations found that CC were effective in reducing N leaching for both soils of varying water holding capacity and N loads. Results also show early sowing dates can reduce the amount of N leached by around 70% in early sown crops (March) to 25% in late sown crops (June).","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]

{"sheet":"working copy","index":2,"n_rows":96,"n_cols":31,"rows_kept":96,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["Author","Title","Pub.Date","Pub.Type","Ref.Type","DOI","Location","Lat","Long","Article.topic","Sub-topic","Climate Zone","Population","Cover Crop","CC Rotation","Comparator","Treatment.cat","Treatment(s)","Control","Measured.outcome","Measured outcome cat","Soil Type","Farm.Sys","Study Design","Study Period (Years)","CC number in rotation","Replication","Scale","Author reported effect","Measured.outcome description","Notes"]
["Abdalla Mohamed ; Hastings Astley ; Cheng Kun ; Yue Qian ; Chadwick Dave ; Espenberg Mikk ; Truu Jaak ; Rees Robert M; Smith Pete ;","A critical review of the impacts of cover crops on nitrogen leaching, net greenhouse gas balance and crop productivity",2012,"Journal","Systematic Review","https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2012.00571.x","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","NA","Nitrogen Leaching; SOC Sequestration","Soil Minerals","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Significantly decreased N Leaching; Significantly increased SOC sequestration","Positive effect on N leaching & SOC sequestration","NA"]
["Aronsson H ; Hansen EM ; Thomsen IK ; Liu J ; Ogaard AF ; Känkänen H ; Ulén B ;","The ability of cover crops to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses from arable land in southern Scandinavia and Finland",2016,"Journal","Review","10.2489/jswc.71.1.41","Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Annual ryegrass, Red Clover, Multiple Crops","Review Paper","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Nitrate leaching; Phosphate leaching","Soil Structure","Clay & Sandy mentioned","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Field","N leaching reported for all CCs investigated was 43% (ranged from 62% increase after red clover on a clay soil to 85%-89% reduction with a perennial ryegrass CC on sandy soils In Denmark). P leaching effects ranged from 86% increase to 43% decrease.","Mixed effect on N & P leaching","NA"]
["Askegaard M ; Olesen JE ; Rasmussen IA ; Kristensen K ;","Nitrate leaching from organic arable crop rotations is mostly determined by autumn field management",2011,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2011.04.014","Denmark",56.511000000000003,9.6080000000000005,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","CC used more than once","Control","CC vs Control, CC vs AP","CC","Control, Manure, Crop Rotation","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","Coarse sand, loamy sand & sandy loam","Organic","Correlative",12,"NA","CI","Farm","Nitrate leaching was lowest for a catch crop soil cover during autumn and winter","Mixed effect on N leaching","4-Year cropping rotation"]
["Attia A ; Marohn C ; Shawon AR ; de Kock A ; Feike T ;","Do rotations with cover crops increase yield and soil organic carbon?-A modeling study in southwest Germany",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2024.109167","Germany",51.773000000000003,11.144,"Soil Health","Organic Matter","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Organic Matter","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Manipulative",10,"NA","CI","Farm","Relative to BAU (Business-as-usual) and no-CC, inclusion of CC in rotation on an annual rate results in 12% and 3% higher SON and 6% and 8% higher SOC. More pronounced in use of legume CCs to non-legume CCs (which reduced N leaching better).","Mixed effect on N stocks & leaching","4-Year cropping rotation"]
["Basche AD ; DeLonge MS ;","Comparing infiltration rates in soils managed with conventional and alternative farming methods: A meta-analysis",2019,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1371/journal.pone.0215702","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Rotational Impacts","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","No-till, Cover Crops, Crop Rotation, Introducing Perennials, Crop and Livestock systems","Conventional Practice","Water infiltration rates","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Cover crops largest increase in infiltration rates (34.8±7.7%)","Positive effect on infiltration rate","NA"]
["Bhardwaj AK ; Jasrotia P ; Hamilton SK ; Robertson GP ;","Ecological management of intensively cropped agro-ecosystems improves soil quality with sustained productivity.",2011,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2011.01.005","USA (Northern States)",42.24,-85.24,"Soil Health","Management regimes","Dfa","Soil","Multiple Crops","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Conventional, No-till, Reduced Input and Organic","Soil Quality Index","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Manipulative",20,"NA","CI","Farm","No-till, Reduced Input (with leguminous CC) and Organic (with leguminous CC) increased Soil Quality Index compared to conventional","Positive effect on soil quality","CC within management scheme not directly looking at impact of CC"]
["Blanco-Canqui H ;","Do cover crops impact labile C more than total C? Data synthesis",2023,"Journal","Review","10.1111/sum.12903","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil labile and total soil organic carbon conc.","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Increased labile SOC in 58% (18/31); 12 of these increased both labile and total SOC","Positive effect on labile SOC","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui H ;","Cover Crops and Water Quality",2018,"Journal","Review","10.2134/agronj2018.02.0077","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Nitrate leaching; Sediment loss; Runoff","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Highly effective at reducing nitrate leaching; reduced runoff and sediment loss","Positive effect on N leaching, runoff and erosion","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui H ; Ruis SJ ;","Cover crop impacts on soil physical properties: A review",2020,"Journal","Review","10.1002/saj2.20129","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","NA","Soil properties","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Reduce soil penetration resistance and compaction","Positive effect on soil compaction","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui H ; Shaver TM ; Lindquist JL ; Shapiro CA ; Elmore RW ; Francis CA ; Hergert GW ;","Cover Crops and Ecosystem Services: Insights from Studies in Temperate Soils",2015,"Journal","Systematic Review","10.2134/agronj15.0086","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil C Stocks; Soil Erosion; Soil Physical Properties; Soil Water; Nutrients; Microbial Properties","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Increase Soil C Stocks; Runoff and sediment loss decrease; Wind erosion potential decrease; Reduce compaction; improve soil structure and hydraulic properties; Recycle nutrients; Improve microbial properties ","Positive effect on soil health indicators","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui Humberto ;","Cover crops and soil ecosystem engineers",2022,"Journal","Review","https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21160","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Biodiversity","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Earthworm abundance, biomass and diversity  ","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Increased earthworm abundance (13/22 studies); increase biomass (5/10); mixed results on diversity","Positive effect on earthworm populations","NA"]
["Blanco-Canqui Humberto ;","Do cover crop mixtures improve soil physical health more than monocultures?",2023,"Journal","Review","10.1007/s11104-023-06086-4","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","Multiple vs Single CC Mixes","NA","Soil physical properties","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC mixes do not enhance soil physical properties compared to monocultures","No effect of CC mixes compared to monoCC","NA"]
["Bolinder MA ; Crotty F ; Elsen A ; Frac M ; Kismányoky T ; Lipiec J ; Tits M ; Tóth Z ; Kätterer T ;","The effect of crop residues, cover crops, manures and nitrogen fertilization on soil organic carbon changes in agroecosystems: a synthesis of reviews",2020,"Journal","Review","10.1007/s11027-020-09916-3","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Organic Carbon","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Manure applications, crop residue & N fertilisation","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","6+","NA","Review","Global","Response ratio highest with manure applications (30%), then crop residue retention and CC (9-10%) with N fertilisation lowest (6%)","Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Bowles Timothy M; Jackson Louise E; Loeher Malina ; Cavagnaro Timothy R;","Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta-analysis of tillage and cover crop effects",2017,"Journal","Meta-analysis","https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12815","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Biodiversity","Arbuscular mycorrhizas","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Tillage","Arbuscular mycorrhizas","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Less intensive tillage and winter CC increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonisation by 30%. Key variables were type of CC and type of alternative tillage. Several studies showed changes in diversity and community composition of AMF with CC but not consistent.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["Catt JA ; Howse KR ; Christian DG ; Lane PW ; Harris GL ; Goss MJ ;","Strategies to decrease nitrate leaching in the Brimstone Farm Experiment, Oxfordshire, UK, 1988-1993: the effects of winter cover crops and unfertilised grass leys.",1998,"Journal","Article","10.1023/A:1004389426718","UK",51.655999999999999,-1.639,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control, Alternative Practice","CC vs Control, CC vs AP","Winter CC","3-year grass ley, mixed cropping, continuous winter cereals","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","Heavy Clay Soil","Not described","Monitoring",5,1,"CI","Field","Less nitrate lost in winter drain flow from winter CC compared to winter fallows, but over all 5 years less nitrate leached from continuous cereal plots compared to mixed cropping.","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Chahal I ; Hooker DC ; Deen B ; Janovicek K ; Van Eerd LL ;","Long-term effects of crop rotation, tillage, and fertilizer nitrogen on soil health indicators and crop productivity in a temperate climate",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.still.2021.105121","Canada",51.253999999999998,-85.322999999999993,"Soil Health","Soil health parameters","Temperate humid","Soil","Red Clover, Alfalfa","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Monoculture","Soil Organic Carbon; Total Nitrogen; Commercial Soil Health Tests","Soil Matter, Soil Minerals","NA","Not described","Correlative","21 and 36 ","NA","CI","Farm","Diversifying corn and soybean rotations with CCs, perennials and small grain cereals enhanced soil health indicators by 32% at Ridgetown (21 years) and 49% at Elora (36 years).  ","Positive effect on soil health indicators","NA"]
["Chahal I ; van Eerd LL ;","Cover crops increase tomato productivity and reduce nitrogen losses in a temperate humid climate.",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1007/s10705-020-10105-6","Canada",51.253999999999998,-85.322999999999993,"Soil Health","Nitrogen Losses","Temperate humid","Soil","Oat, Oilseed Radish, Winter Rye, Mixture","CC used more than once","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil mineral N","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",8,6,"CI","Field","CC did not decrease fall soil mineral N content but accumulated an average of 93.5 kg N ha-1 in above ground tissues. Radish greater than other tested CC","Little effect on N availability","NA"]
["Chaplot Vincent ; Smith Pete ;","Cover crops do not increase soil organic carbon stocks as much as has been claimed: What is the way forward?",2023,"Journal","Review","https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16917","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","No long term impact of soil carbon organic stocks","No effect on long term soil carbon stocks","37 field studies - 14 withouth appropriate controls; 13 OC content only not stocks; 5 3 years or less; 4 low data points; 2 CC as cash crop. Remaining 6 studies - 4 = no effect, 1 = negative, 1 = positive"]
["Chaudhary Bishal ;","Cover crop as approach for sustainable agriculture: a review.",2023,"Journal","Review","10.18551/rjoas.2023-05.05","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Approach for sustainable agriculture","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC improve physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, improve fertility and maintain good soil health. Legumes should be given priority.","Positive effects on soil properties & fertility","Few long term trials and experiments to examine long term effects of CCs"]
["Cima DS de; Tein B ; Eremeev V ; Luik A ; Kauer K ; Reintam E ; Kahu G ;","Winter cover crop effects on soil structural stability and microbiological activity in organic farming.",2016,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2015.1130646","Estonia",58.378,26.728999999999999,"Soil Properties, Soil Biodiversity","Soil structural stability & biodiversity","Unsure","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","Organic with winter CC","Organic without winter CC","Porosity, number & biomass of earthworms, total N, organic C, % water stable aggregates and enxymatic acitivity","Soil Structure, Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Organic","Monitoring",5,"NA","CI","Field","Crop rotation had a yearly positive effect on soil bulk density & enhanced the % of air filled pores. All systems presented yearly decrease in total N. CC with manure had sig effect of enzymatic activity. No sig effect in SOC content, soil particle aggregability or number & biomass of earthworms.","Positive effect on soil bulk density; Negative effect on total N; neutral effect on SOC, aggregates & earthworms","All treatments organic, no conventional control for comparison"]
["Clement Timothée ; Bielders Charles L; Degré Aurore ;","How much do conservation cropping practices mitigate runoff and soil erosion under Western European conditions: A focus on conservation tillage, tied ridging and winter cover crops",2024,"Journal","Meta-analysis","https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13047","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","Winter CC","Bare Soil","Runoff and Soil Erosion","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Winter cover crops reduce runoff by 68% and soil losses by 72% compared to bare soil","Positive effect on runoff and erosion","On Average"]
["Constantin J ; Beaudoin N ; Laurent F ; Cohan JP ; Duyme F ; Mary B ;","Cumulative effects of catch crops on nitrogen uptake, leaching and net mineralization.",2011,"Journal","Article","10.1007/s11104-010-0630-9","France",47.997999999999998,4.0970000000000004,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Mustard, Oilseed Radish, Annual ryegrass","CC in long term rotation","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Nitrate leaching; net mineralisation","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Manipulative","13-17","Mustard and Radish yearly; Ryegrass every 2 years","CI","Farm","CC enhanced annual mineralisation by in average 26 (mustard), 18 (radish) and 9 (ryegrass) kg N ha-1 yr-1. Efficiency of CC in reducing N leaching persisted over the years at all sites. ","Positive effect on net mineralisation and N leaching","NA"]
["Constantin J ; Mary B ; Laurent F ; Aubrion G ; Fontaine A ; Kerveillant P ; Beaudoin N ;","Effects of catch crops, no till and reduced nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen leaching and balance in three long-term experiments",2010,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2009.10.005","France",47.997999999999998,4.0970000000000004,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","No-till; Reduced nitrogen fertilisation","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Manipulative","13-17","NA","CI","Farm","CC was the most efficient technique to decrease N leaching (from 36 to 62%) and remaind efficient in the long term. CC also increased N storage in soil organic matter (by 1024 kg ha-1 yr-1).","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Cozim-Melges F ; Ripoll-Bosch R ; Oggiano P ; van Zanten HHE ; van der Putten WH ; Veen GF ;","The effect of alternative agricultural practices on soil biodiversity of bacteria, fungi, nematodes and earthworms: A review",2025,"Journal","Systematic Review","10.1016/j.agee.2024.109329","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil biodiversity","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Cover crops showed neutral to positive for the abundance of all functional groups across all taxa","Little effect on soil health indicator taxa","NA"]
["Crystal-Ornelas R ; Thapa R ; Tully KL ;","Soil organic carbon is affected by organic amendments, conservation tillage, and cover cropping in organic farming systems: A meta-analysis",2021,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agee.2021.107356","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties, Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","BMP (best management practice)","Organically-managed control groups","Soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC did not have overall influence on SOC conc. But significantly increased SOC concs after 5 years of its adoption. Indicating soil health benefits occur over time","No effect on overall SOC conc. Positive effect on long-term SOC conc.","Long-term increase in SOC conc."]
["Dabney SM ; Delgado JA ; Reeves DW ;","Using winter cover crops to improve soil and water quality.",2001,"Journal","Review","10.1081/CSS-100104110","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","NA","NA","Soil and Water Quality","Soil Matter, Soil Structure, Soil Minerals","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC increase soil quality by improving biological, chemical and physical properties (including SOC, cation exchange capacity, aggregate stability and water infiltrability). ","Positive effect on soil quality","NA"]
["Daryanto S ; Fu BoJie ; Fu BoJie ; Wang LiXin ; Wang LiXin ; Jacinthe PA ; Zhao WenWu ; Zhao WenWu ;","Quantitative synthesis on the ecosystem services of cover crops.",2018,"Journal","Quantitative Review","10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.06.013","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health, Soil Properties","Ecosystem service provision","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","Review Paper","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Fallow","Ratio of an observed variable","Soil Structure, Soil Matter, Soil Minerals","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC provided beneficial ecosystem services in most cases (e.g. erosion control, water quality regulation, soil moisture retention, SOM and microbial biomass and weed control. This was not the overall case for GHG emission and pest incidence (nematode).","Positive on most ES, bar GHG and pest control","Tillage could offset the extent of ecosystem service benefits provided by cover crops"]
["de Cima DS ; Luik A ; Reintam E ;","Organic farming and cover crops as an alternative to mineral fertilizers to improve soil physical properties",2015,"Journal","Article","10.1515/intag-2015-0056","Estonia",58.378,26.728999999999999,"Soil Properties","Soil physical properties","Temperate humid","Soil","Oilseed Rape, Winter Rye, Perennial ryegrass","CC in long term rotation","Control, Alternative Practice","CC vs Control, CC vs AP","CC","Conventional Practice, Manure application","Penetration resistance, soil water content, porosity, water permeability and organic carbon","Soil Structure","NA","Conventional, Organic","Manipulative",5,3,"CI","Field","All systems showed similar tendencies and differences were only found between the control and other systems. CC did not have a significant effect on soil physical properties in comparison to conventional practices (kept bare during winter period).","Positive comapred to control; neutral to conventional","NA"]
["De Notaris Chiara ; Mortensen Esben Øster; Sørensen Peter ; Olesen Jørgen E; Rasmussen Jim ;","Cover crop mixtures including legumes can self-regulate to optimize N2 fixation while reducing nitrate leaching.",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2020.107287","Denmark",56.161999999999999,10.204000000000001,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate humid","Soil","Perennial Ryegrass, Chicory, White Clover, Red Clover","CC used more than once","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","Legume CC mix","Non-legume CC Mix","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","NA","Organic","Manipulative",3,4,"CI","Field","Legume-based CC mixtures are self-regulating in terms of nitrate leaching reduction.","Positive effect on N leaching","CC grown each year"]
["Du X ; Jian JS ; Du C ; Stewart RD ;","Conservation management decreases surface runoff and soil erosion",2022,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.iswcr.2021.08.001","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Runoff & Erosion","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","Review Paper","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Agroforestry, no-till, reduced tillage & residue return","Surface runoff & soil erosion","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC was associated with the greatest reductions in both surface runoff and erosion of conservation management pracices","Positive effect on runoff and erosion","NA"]
["Dupla X ; Lemaitre T ; Grand S ; Gondret K ; Charles R ; Verrecchia E ; Boivin P ;","On-Farm Relationships Between Agricultural Practices and Annual Changes in Organic Carbon Content at a Regional Scale",2022,"Journal","Article","10.3389/fenvs.2022.834055","Switzerland",46.52,6.6319999999999997,"Soil Properties","Soil organic carbon","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Other Cropping Systems","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",10,"NA","CI","Farm","CC intensity significantly correlated to SOC increase","Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Eremeev V ; Talgre L ; Kuht J ; Mäeorg E ; Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani K ; Alaru M ; Loit E ; Runno-Paurson E ; Luik A ;","The soil microbial hydrolytic activity, content of nitrogen and organic carbon were enhanced by organic farming management using cover crops and composts in potato cultivation",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1080/09064710.2019.1673475","Estonia",58.378,26.728999999999999,"Soil Properties, Soil Biodiversity","Soil microbial activity & matter","Temperate humid","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice, Control","CC vs AP, CC vs Control","Organic with winter CC","Organic & Conventional Control, Conventional with N application","Soil microbial hydrolytic activity & Soil OM","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Conventional, Organic","Manipulative",6,"NA","CI","Field","Soil microbial hydrolytic activity was highest in organic with winter CC; SOC & N-tot higher in organic farming systems","Positive effect on soil microbial community and OM","NA"]
["Fohrafellner Julia ; Keiblinger Katharina M; Zechmeister-Boltenstern Sophie ; Murugan Rajasekaran ; Spiegel Heide ; Valkama Elena ;","Cover crops affect pool specific soil organic carbon in cropland – A meta-analysis",2024,"Journal","Meta-analysis","https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13472","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC cultivation vs non CC cultivation","Non CC cultivation","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs overall statistically significant positive effect on SOC pools compared to non CC cultivation (with regards to increasing mineral-associated organic carbon - MOAC (by 4.8%), particulate organic carbon - POC (by 23.2%) and microbial organic carbon - MBC (by 20.2%)) - N.B. IN TOP SOIL* MOAC was dependent on soil clay content and initial SOC conc.; POC influenced by CC peak biomass and experiment duration; MBC by clay content, crop rotation duration and tillage depth.","Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Fraser PM ; Curtin D ; Harrison-Kirk T ; Meenken ED ; Beare MH ; Tabley F ; Gillespie RN ; Francis GS ;","Winter Nitrate Leaching under Different Tillage and Winter Cover Crop Management Practices",2013,"Journal","Article","10.2136/sssaj2012.0256","New Zealand",-43.531999999999996,172.637,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Forage Rape","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Tillage intensity (controls of not cultivated or not fertilised)","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Manipulative",7,1,"CI","Field","Winter CC were effective in reducing nitrate leaching losses, particularly in drier winters when about 50% less N leached.","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Garland G ; Edlinger A ; Banerjee S ; Degrune F ; Garcia-Palacios P ; Pescador DS ; Herzog C ; Romdhane S ; Saghai A ; Spor A ; Wagg C ; Hallin S ; Maestre FT ; Philippot L ; Rillig MC ; van der Heijden MGA ;","Crop cover is more important than rotational diversity for soil multifunctionality and cereal yields in European cropping systems.",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1038/s43016-020-00210-8","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health, Soil Biodiversity","Soil multifunctionality","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Rotational diversity","Soil microbial diversity & soil multifunctionality (SMF)","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Correlative",10,"NA","CI","Field","Crop diversity showed relatively minor effect on soil microbial diversity & SMF. In contrast, the proportion of time with CC during 10-year rotation had a much strong impact.","Positive effect on soil microbial diversity and SMF","NA"]
["Gentsch N ; Riechers FL ; Boy J ; Schweneker D ; Feuerstein U ; Heuermann D ; Guggenberger G ;","Cover crops improve soil structure and change organic carbon distribution in macroaggregate fractions",2024,"Journal","Article","10.5194/soil-10-139-2024","Germany",51.823999999999998,11.287000000000001,"Soil Properties, Soil Health","Soil organic carbon","Temperate","Soil","Mustard, Phacelia, Oat, Clover, Mixture","CC used more than once","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Fallow","Soil Organic Carbon & Mean Weigth Diameter (MWD)","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring","3 crop rotations",3,"CI","Field","Compared to fallow, all CCs (including mix) increased MWD between 10 and 19% in soil under main crop. Single CCs more likely to increase OC storage in small macroaggregates (<1mm), whilst CC mix were more likely to increase OC in largest fraction (8-16mm).","Positive effect on soil structure and OC storage","CC grown each year"]
["Hao Xiao-xiao ; Najm Majdi Abou; Steenwerth Kerri L; Nocco Mallika A; Basset Christelle ; Daccache André ;","Are there universal soil responses to cover cropping? A systematic review.",2023,"Journal","Systematic Review","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160600","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health, Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil health indicators","Soil Structure, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","1-3 Years; 4-6 Years, 7-10 Years and over 10 Years","NA","Review","Global","Strong evidence CC enhance soil structure and promote soil health (improving soil physical and chemical properties - including saturated hydraulic conductivity (mean net change 105.6%), total organic carbon (10.1%) and total nitrogen (20.2%). Exhibit weak effects on bulk density and mircoporosity. In most cases CCs increase SOC (including MBC (19.5%) and POC (49.5%))","Positive effect on soil structure & health","This systematic review found limited a pauctiy of long-term studies on soil physics, chemistry and biology"]
["Haruna SI ; Anderson SH ; Udawatta RP ; Gantzer CJ ; Phillips NC ; Cui S ; Gao Y ;","Improving soil physical properties through the use of cover crops: A review",2020,"Journal","Review","10.1002/agg2.20105","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Soil with no CC","Soil physical properties and organic matter content","Soil Structure, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Review indicates CCs reduce soil bulk density (by approx. 4%), increase macropores (33%), increase water infiltration (up to 629%) compared to no CC. Reported to lead to as much as 96% reduction in soil loss.","Positive effect on soil structure","NA"]
["Hu QJ ; Thomas B ; Powlson D ; Hu YX ; Zhang Y ; Jun X ; Shi XJ ; Zhang YT ;","Soil organic carbon fractions in response to soil, environmental and agronomic factors under cover cropping systems: A global meta-analysis",2023,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agee.2023.108591","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Soil organic carbon","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Bare Soil","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Compare to bare soil mamangement, CCs increased SOC by 12% and increase 7 SOC fractions (including microbial biomass carbon by 33%, dissolved organic carbon by 18%, permanganate oxidizable carbon by 13%, short-term mineralisable carbon by 10% and mineral-associated organic carbon by 7%.","Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Hu Ying-xiao ; Zhan Peng-jie ; Thomas Ben W; Zhao Jing-kun ; Zhang Xue-liang ; Yan He ; Zhang Zhi-bin ; Chen Shuang ; Shi Xiao-jun ; Zhang Yu-ting ;","Organic carbon and nitrogen accumulation in orchard soil with organic fertilization and cover crop management: a global meta-analysis.",2022,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158402","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Soil organic matter","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) & Total Nitrogen Stocks (STN)","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","SOC (2.98 Mg C/ha/yr) and STN (0.25 Mg N/ha/yr) accumulated fastest during first three years of CC implementation and declind thereafter. 5+ years CC, SOC accumulation fastest with 800mm of mean annual rainfall.","Positive effect on SOC & STN in first three years","NA"]
["Hughes Helen M; McClelland Shelby C; Schipanski Meagan E; Hillier Jonathan ;","Modelling the soil C impacts of cover crops in temperate regions.",2023,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103663","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Non CC cultivation","CC decision support tool to increase carbon stock","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Model predits increase in soil C stocks as long as cover crop biomass production exceed 1.3Mg ha-1 yr-1.","Positive effect on soil C stocks","NA"]
["Jian Jin-shi ; Du Xuan ; Reiter Mark S; Stewart Ryan D;","A meta-analysis of global cropland soil carbon changes due to cover cropping.",2020,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107735","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Significantly increase SOC with a mean overall change of 15.5%. Medium-textured soils had highest SOC stocks, fine-textured soils showed the greatest increase in SOC (mean change 39.5%). Coarse-textured soil (11.4%) and medium-textured soils (10.3%). Temperate climates had greater changes (18.7%) than tropical (7.2%). CC mixtures resulted in greater SOC increases comapred to mono-species CC. Legumes greater than grass species. CC improved soil quality. Soil carbon change was also affected by annual temperature and number of years after start of CC usage.","Positive effect on SOC","CC increased SOC most in fine-textured soils and temparate climates. Number of years since using CC also affected SOC changes."]
["Jordon MW ; Willis KJ ; Bürkner PC ; Haddaway NR ; Smith P ; Petrokofsky G ;","Temperate Regenerative Agriculture practices increase soil carbon but not crop yield-a meta-analysis",2022,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1088/1748-9326/ac8609","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Soil Carbon","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","Review Paper","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Reduced tillage & including grass-based phase","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","Average study duration 15","NA","Review","Global","SOC increase with reduced tillage and ley-arable compared to conventional practice over avrage 15 year study, but no effect of cover crops.","No effect on SOC over average 15 year","NA"]
["Joshi DR ; Sieverding HL ; Xu H ; Kwon H ; Wang MC ; Clay SA ; Johnson JM ; Thapa R ; Westhoff S ; Clay DE ;","A global meta-analysis of cover crop response on soil carbon storage within a corn production system",2023,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1002/agj2.21340","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC vs Control","NA","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC increase SOC by 7.3% on average in Corn production systems.","Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Junod MF ; Reid B ; Sims I ; Miller AJ ;","Cover crops in cereal rotations: A quantitative review",2024,"Journal","Quantitative Review","10.1016/j.still.2023.105997","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health, Soil Properties","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil Biotic Effects and SOC","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Soil biotic effects of CC tend to be short-lived and fade by end of season. CC positively effects SOC","Little (short term) effect on soil biotic effects. Positive effect on SOC","NA"]
["Känkänen H ; Eriksson C ; Räkköläinen M ; Vuorinen M ;","Effect of annually repeated undersowing on cereal grain yields",2001,"Journal","Article","10.23986/afsci.5693","Finland",61.335999999999999,24.271000000000001,"Soil Properties, Soil Health","Soil mineral N","Temperate","Soil","Red Clover, White Clover, Annual ryegrass","CC used more than once, CC in long term rotation","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Soil mineral N & Soil fertility","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",6,6,"CI","Field","Ryegrass did not affect soil mineral N, increase by clovers small. Soil fertility was not notably improved during 6 years on undersowing.","Little effect on soil mineral N","Undersown"]
["Kauer Karin ; Pärnpuu Sandra ; Talgre Liina ; Eremeev Viacheslav ; Luik Anne ;","Soil particulate and mineral-associated organic matter increases in organic farming under cover cropping and manure addition.",2021,"Journal","Article","10.3390/agriculture11090903","Estonia",58.378,26.728999999999999,"Soil Health","Soil organic carbon","Temperate humid","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC (organic)","Conventional with mineral fertilisation; CC with and without composted manure","Soil Organic Carbon & Soil organic matter","Soil Matter","NA","Conventional, Organic","Correlative",10,"NA","CI","Farm","Higher SOC sequestration rate (1.26 Mg ha-1 yr-1) in organic treatment with CC and composted manure. CC had higher overall effect on SOM compared to the addition of manure.","Positive effect on SOC sequestration and SOM","NA"]
["Kim N ; Zabaloy MC ; Guan KY ; Villamil MB ;","Do cover crops benefit soil microbiome? A meta-analysis of current research",2020,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107701","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Bare Fallow","Soil microbiome","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC significantly increased parameters of soil microbial abundance, activity and diversity by 27%, 22% and 2.5% respectively compared to bare fallow. ","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["Kirchmann Holger ; Bergström Lars ; Kätterer Thomas ; Mattsson Lennart ; Gesslein Sven ;","Comparison of Long-Term Organic and Conventional Crop–Livestock Systems on a Previously Nutrient-Depleted Soil in Sweden",2007,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0061","Sweden",55.42,13.43,"Soil Health, Soil Properties","Leaching; Soil Carbon","Temperate","Soil","Legumes","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","Legume CC","P application; exclusion of OSR & inclusion of potato; mechanical weeding; manure application","Nitrate leaching; Soil carbon C concentrations","Soil Matter","NA","Organic, Conventional","Manipulative",18,"Every second year","CI","Field","N leaching not reduced by organic farming. Soil carbon concentrations decreased in both systems, but less in organic systems.","Negative/ no effect of use of CC compared to conventional","In Sweden"]
["Koudahe K ; Allen SC ; Djaman K ;","Critical review of the impact of cover crops on soil properties",2022,"Journal","Review","10.1016/j.iswcr.2022.03.003","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil properties","Soil Structure, Soil Matter, Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC may reduce soil bulk density, improve soil structure and hydraulic properties to facilitate increased water infiltration and storage. Enhance SOC and SOC accretion as well as availibility of other nutrients. CC may provide better condition for soil microbiome and soil conservation.","Positive effect on soil structure & SOC","Suggest further investigation into long-term effects"]
["Kuht Jaan ; Eremeev Viacheslav ; Talgre Liina ; Alaru Maarika ; Loit Evelin ; Mäeorg Erkki ; Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani Keyvan ; Luik Anne ;","Changes in the soil microbial hydrolytic activity and the content of organic carbon and total nitrogen by growing spring barley undersown with red clover in different farming systems.",2019,"Journal","Article","10.3390/agriculture9070146","Estonia",58.378,26.728999999999999,"Soil Biodiversity","Soil microbial activity","Temperate humid","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Conventional Practice","Soil microbial hydrolytic activity","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Conventional, Organic","Monitoring",5,"NA","CI","Farm","In organic systems (with winter CC) soil microbial hydrolytic activity increased on average by 19% compared to conventional. ","Positive effect on soil microbial activity","NA"]
["Kuo S ; Huang B ; Bembenek R ;","Effect of Winter Cover Crops on Soil Nitrogen Availability, Corn Yield, and Nitrate Leaching",2001,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.267","USA (Northern States)",47.185000000000002,-122.29300000000001,"Soil Health","Soil N & Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye, Annual ryegrass, Mixture","CC in long term rotation","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","MonoCC and Bicultured CC","Soil N availability; Nitract leaching","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Manipulative","5 (study period. In CC rotation for 12)","Yearly","CI","Field","Vetch highest effect on Soil N, bicultures next. Ryegrass & Rye little to no effect on soil N. Variable response to N leaching.","Mixed effect on soil N availability & N leaching","NA"]
["Kuo S ; Jellum EJ ;","Long-term winter cover cropping effects on corn (Zea mays L.) production and soil nitrogen availability.",2000,"Journal","Article","10.1007/s003740000193","USA (Northern States)",47.185000000000002,-122.29300000000001,"Soil Health","Soil N","Temperate","Soil","Hairy Vetch, Winter Rye, Annual ryegrass","CC in long term rotation","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Soil N availability","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",9,"Yearly","CI","Field","CCs benefited soil organic N accumulation. Hairy Vetch had the highest positive effect.","Positive effect on soil N","NA"]
["Lee J ; Necpálová M ; Six J ;","Biophysical potential of organic cropping practices as a sustainable alternative in Switzerland",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102822","Switzerland",47.377000000000002,8.5419999999999998,"Soil Health","Soil organic carbon & GHG emissions","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Conventional vs Organic","Soil Organic Carbon; N2O Emissions","Soil Matter","NA","Conventional, Organic","Correlative",12,"NA","BA","Field","Converting conventional to organic led to a on regional mitigation in soil GHG emissions by 0.34 - 1.10 Mg CO2 -eq ha-1 yr-1. CC increased SOC stocks up to 433 kg C ha-1 yr-1.","Positive effect on SOC & GHG mitgation","NA"]
["Lekberg Y ; McLeod M ; Bullington LS ; DuPre ME ; De La Roca G ; Greenbaum S ; Rousk J ; Ramsey PW ;","Substantial and Rapid Increase in Soil Health across Crops with Conversion from Conventional to Regenerative Practices",2024,"Journal","Article","10.3390/su16135509","Sweden",55.704999999999998,13.191000000000001,"Soil Health","Soil health parameters","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC (with other organic practices)","Conventional transition to organic","Microbial biomass & composition; SOM; and water stable aggregates","Soil Structure, Soil Matter, Soil Biodiversity","NA","Conventional, Organic","Correlative","0, 5 and 9","NA","BA","Farm","Substantial and consistent increase in SOM, water stable aggregates and microbial biomass, especially during first 5 years. ","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Multiple regen practices used at once"]
["Liang Zhi ; Rasmussen Jim ; Poeplau Christopher ; Elsgaard Lars ;","Priming effects decrease with the quantity of cover crop residues - potential implications for soil carbon sequestration.",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.soilbio.2023.109110","Denmark",56.511000000000003,9.6120000000000001,"Soil Health","Soil organic carbon","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Long term trends","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",20,"NA","CI","Field","CC for up to two decades had negligible effect on SOC in particulate organic matter and mineral-associated organic matter","Negligible long term effect on SOC","NA"]
["Liu B ; Pang DB ; Cao WX ; Li X ; Liu CG ; Li QH ;","The effect of agricultural management on soil microbial necromass: A hierarchical meta-analysis",2024,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105538","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Biodiversity","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Total microbial necromass","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC raised total microbial necromass by 25.3% and mitigated the negative effects of tillage. CC under crop rotation effectively restored the soil amino sugars.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["Marcinkevičienė A ; Pupalienė R ; Bogužas V ; Balnytė S ;","Influence of crop rotation and catch crop for green manure on nitrogen balance in organic farming.",2008,"Journal","Article","http://www.maleidykla.katalogas.lt","Lithuania",54.893999999999998,23.835000000000001,"Soil Properties","Nitrogen balance","Dfb","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC used more than once","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Without CC","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","NA","Organic","Monitoring",7,"NA","CI","Field","Catch crop for green manure reduced nitrogen leaching by 94.9% in crop rotation III in comparison to same rotation without catch crop.","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Martínez-García LB ; Korthals G ; Brussaard L ; Jørgensen HB ; Deyn GB de;","Organic management and cover crop species steer soil microbial community structure and functionality along with soil organic matter properties.",2018,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2018.04.018","Netherlands",51.323,5.5110000000000001,"Soil Biodiversity, Soil Health","Microbial community structure & SOM properites","Temperate","Soil","Winter Rye, Oat","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","Organic/ Conventional with CC","Organic/ Conventional without CC","Microbial community biomass, structure and catabolic acitivity & SOM quantity and quality","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Conventional, Organic","Manipulative",10,"NA","CI","Field","Effects of organic management amplified by Oat as a cover crop, which enhanced abundance of saprotrophic fungi. Organic management enhances abundance of all microbial groups and associated with higher conc. And lower aromaticity of dissolved OM. These effects can be enlarged by the growth of specific CCs.","Positive effect on soil microbial communities & SOM","In addition to organic management compared to conventional"]
["Martlew J ; Otten W ; Morris N ; de Baets S ; Deeks LK ;","Long-term impacts of repeated cover cropping and cultivation approaches on subsoil physical properties.",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.still.2023.105761","UK",52.195,0.13100000000000001,"Soil Properties","Soil physical properties","Temperate","Soil","Brassicas","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","Brassica CC alternated annually with winter wheat","Continuous Winter Wheat","Penetration resistance, volumetric soil moisture, soil water retention, water stable aggregates, root morphology and biomass.","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Monitoring",12,"Annually alternated CC","CI","Field","CC treatment (with shallow cultivation) resulted in lower penetration resistance and increase moisture in subsoil. This persisted later in the season compared to the control. Benefits from CC treatment not observed where combined with higher intensity, deeper cultivation. ","Positive effect on soil physical properties with shallow cultivation","NA"]
["McClelland SC ; Paustian K ; Schipanski ME ;","Management of cover crops in temperate climates influences soil organic carbon stocks: a meta-analysis",2021,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1002/eap.2278","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC strong positive effect on soil C stocks (12% increase). Averaging 1.11Mg C/ha more soil C relative to no CC control.","Positive effect on soil C stocks","NA"]
["Meisinger JJ ; Hargrove WL ; Mikkelsen RL ; Williams JR ; Benson VW ;","Effects of cover crops on groundwater quality.",1991,"Journal","Review",null,"Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Groundwater quality","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC can reduce NO3 concn of leachates by 20-80%. Grasses and Brassicas are 2-3x more efficient than Legumes in reducing N leaching.","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Meyer N ; Bergez JE ; Constantin J ; Justes E ;","Cover crops reduce water drainage in temperate climates: A meta-analysis",2019,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1007/s13593-018-0546-y","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Bare Soil","Water drainage","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC drainage reduction by a mean effect size of 27mm compared to that of bare soil. No main determining factor found to explain the variability of water drainage reduction.","Positive effect on drainage","NA"]
["Meyer N ; Bergez JE ; Justes E ; Constantin J ;","Influence of cover crop on water and nitrogen balances and cash crop yield in a temperate climate: A modelling approach using the STICS soil-crop model",2022,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.eja.2021.126416","France",42.5,2.5,"Soil Properties","Water & N Balances","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Nitrate leaching; Water drainage; Soil water content; Total soil mineral N","Soil Structure, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Simulation",25,"NA","Simulation","Farm","CC decreased nitrate leaching but also decreased drainage by 5-40mm (mainly due to sowing and termination date). N leaching decrease varied greatly among sites. CC little influence on soil water content in upper 0.1m of soil, decrease soil water content of total soil profile by 0-30mm. Total soil mineral N decreased at driest and rainiest sites.","Positive effect on N leaching; Negative effect on soil drainage; Little to negative effect on Soil water content ","Model simulations"]
["Morales ME ; Iocoli GA ; Villamil MB ; Zabaloy MC ;","[Effect of winter cover crops on the soil microbiome: a systematic literature review].",2022,"Journal","Systematic Review","10.1016/j.ram.2021.02.008","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Biodiversity","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","Winter CC","Bare Fallow","Soil microbiome","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","WCC enhance enzyme activities. More than half studies (22 total included) report higher microbial biomass in soils with WCC than in bare fallow. Effects of WCC on microbial parameters are independent of the duration of the experiments.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["Muhammad I ; Wang J ; Khan A ; Ahmad S ; Yang L ; Ali I ; Zeeshan M ; Ullah S ; Fahad S ; Ali S ; Zhou XB ;","Impact of the mixture verses solo residue management and climatic conditions on soil microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen ratio: a systematic review",2021,"Journal","Systematic Review","10.1007/s11356-021-15579-7","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs increase soil micorbial biomass carbon, SMB nitrogen and SMBC/SMBN ratios by 39, 51 and 20% respectively compared to no CCs. Mix of legume and non-legume CCs decreased these relative to sole legume or nonlegume CCs. Nonlegume enhanced these compared to legume CCs. Effect was higher in medium-textured soils compared to coarser or fine in SMBN and ratio, SMBC was higher in coasrer-textured.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","CC can boost the biological soils health by increasing microbial pop abundance."]
["Muhammad Ihsan ; Wang Jun ; Sainju Upendra M; Zhang Shao-hong ; Zhao Fa-zhu ; Khan Ahmad ;","Cover cropping enhances soil microbial biomass and affects microbial community structure: a meta-analysis.",2021,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114696","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Biodiversity","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil microbiome","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC enhance soil microbial community biomass and affected community structure compared to no CC. CC can enhance biological soil health by enhanceing microbial community abundance compared to no CC.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["Nivelle E ; Verzeaux J ; Habbib H ; Kuzyakov Y ; Decocq G ; Roger D ; Lacoux J ; Duclercq J ; Spicher F ; Nava-Saucedo JE ; Catterou M ; Dubois F ; Tetu T ;","Functional response of soil microbial communities to tillage, cover crops and nitrogen fertilization.",2016,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.08.004","France",50.44,2.2200000000000002,"Soil Biodiversity","Soil microbial communities","Temperate","Soil","Mixture","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","Low legume CC mix & high legume C mix","Without CC","Microbial functional diversity; C & N content; Enzyme activity","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Conventional","Manipulative",5,"NA","CI","Field","CC (with no-Till) increased soil organic C & N by more than 20%. CC did not effect enzyme activity. CC (without N fertilisation & with No-Till) led to higher microbial functional activity and diversity.","Positive effect on SOM & Microbial communities; No effect on soil enzyme activity","NA"]
["Norberg L ; Aronsson H ;","Effects of cover crops sown in autumn on N and P leaching",2020,"Journal","Article","10.1111/sum.12565","Sweden",59.859000000000002,17.638999999999999,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Oilseed Radish, Mixture","CC in long term rotation","CC Comparison, Control","CC vs CC, CC vs Control","Oilseed Radish pure stand","Two mixtures (Hairy Vetch & Rye - 3 years; Oilseed Radish & Buckwheat - 2 years), plus unplanted control","Nitrate leaching; Phosphate leaching","Soil Matter","Clay Loam","Not described","Manipulative",6,"NA","CI","Plot","Oilseed radish had significantly smaller yearly mean N conc. In drainage water over 5/6 years compared to control. Mineral N content in soil profile lower too. Mixes also showed potential to reduce soil mineral N and N conc. In drainage water. CC no impact on P leaching.","Positive effect on N leaching; Little to no effect on P leaching","NA"]
["Norberg L ; Aronsson H ;","Effects of spring and autumn tillage, catch crops, and pig manure application on long-term nutrient leaching from a loamy sand",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.eja.2024.127156","Sweden",59.859000000000002,17.638999999999999,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Perennial Ryegrass, Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","Tillage & Fertilisation","Nitrate leaching; Phosphate leaching; Potassium leaching","Soil Matter","Loamy Sand","Not described","Monitoring",28,"NA","CI","Field","Undersown CC (Perennial ryegrass) (with spring tillage) reduced total N leaching & conc. In drainage water compared to autumn tillage. CC (with spring tillage) increase P leaching & conc. Comapred to autumn tillage and no CC. K leaching increased with CC.","Variable effect on N & P leaching depending on crop tillage; Negative effect on K leaching","NA"]
["Nouri Amin ; Lukas Scott ; Singh Shikha ; Singh Surendra ; Machado Stephen ;","When do cover crops reduce nitrate leaching? A global meta-analysis",2022,"Journal","Meta-analysis","https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16269","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Bare Fallow","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs reduced nitrate leaching by 69% compared with fallow while demonstrating no effect on water drainage. Brassica and Grass CC 75 and 52% reduction. Ultisols, Histosols and Inceptisols (77,78 and 77% respectively) showed greatest reduction with CC use. Greater efficacy evident with increasing soil sand content. Conventional (63%), no-till (50%) and reduced till (38%) reduction in these systems. ","Positive effect on N leaching; No effect on drainage","NA"]
["Parmodh Sharma ; Parmodh Sharma ; Atinderpal Singh Atinderpal Singh; Kahlon CS ; Brar AS ; Grover KK ; Mahendra Dia ; Mahendra Dia ; Steiner RL ;","The role of cover crops towards sustainable soil health and agriculture - a review paper.",2018,"Journal","Review","10.4236/ajps.2018.99140","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties, Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil health indicators","Soil Structure, Soil Matter, Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC improve overall health of the soil (soil moisture content, soil microbial activities, soil C sequestration, nitrate leaching, soil water and soil health). Economical in long-term experiment studies.","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Some problems including method of killing."]
["Peng Yajun ; Rieke Elizabeth L; Chahal Inderjot ; Norris Charlotte E; Janovicek Ken ; Mitchell Jeffrey P; Roozeboom Kraig L; Hayden Zachary D; Strock Jeffrey S; Machado Stephen ; Sykes Virginia R; Deen Bill ; Tavarez Oscar Bañuelos; Gamble Audrey V; Scow Kate M; Brainard Daniel C; Millar Neville ; Johnson Gregg A; Schindelbeck Robert R; Kurtz Kirsten SM; van Es Harold ; Kumar Sandeep ; van Eerd Laura L;","Maximizing soil organic carbon stocks under cover cropping: insights from long-term agricultural experiments in North America.",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2023.108599","USA (Northern States), Canada","NA","NA","Soil Health","Soil organic carbon","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil health indicators","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring","5+ (oldest established in 1896)","NA","CI","Farm","Overall, CC significantly improved soil health indicators: greater SOC (conc +8%; stock +7%), total N (+8%), water-stable aggregates (+15%), and potential carbon mineralisation (+34%) on average compared to no-CC control. Sig positive effect (0.36) on SOC stocks, with non-legumes showing greater impact compared to legumes and mixes.","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Non-legume CC has greatest potential in North America"]
["Peng YJ ; Van Eerd LL ;","Surface soil sampling underestimates soil carbon and nitrogen storage of long-term cover cropping",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00885","Canada",42.439,-81.887,"Soil Health","Soil organic matter","Temperate humid","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Organic Matter","Soil Matter","Sandy Loam","Not described","Monitoring",15,"NA","CI","Field","Overall, long-term CC had significantly greater SOC and TN stocks (22% & 26% respectively) in the 0-120cm depth compared to no CC. If only 0-15 cm depth evaluated, LT CC did not significantly effect SOC and TN stocks.","Positive effect on SOC and TN stocks","Protocols that focus on shallow soil depths may not show true effect of CC"]
["Poeplau C ; Don A ;","Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops - a meta-analysis.",2015,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agee.2014.10.024","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Reference Crop","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","Up to 54 years","NA","Review","Global","CC had significantly higher SOC stock than reference cropland. Annual change of 0.32 Mg ha-1 yr-1 up to 54 years. ","Positive effect on soil C stocks","NA"]
["Qi JY ; Jensen JL ; Christensen BT ; Munkholm LJ ;","Soil structural stability following decades of straw incorporation and use of ryegrass cover crops",2022,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115463","Denmark",55.470999999999997,9.0960000000000001,"Soil Properties","Soil structural stability","Temperate","Soil","Perennial Ryegrass","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC (combined with straw incorporation)","No CC","Soil structural properties","Soil Structure","Sandy Loam (with 12% clay)","Not described","Manipulative",40,"NA","CI","Field","SOC content increase when ryegrass CC was grown. Root biomass marginally greater when CC included. CC inclusion did not affect macro-aggregates at 1-2mm but decreased at 8-16mm. CC increase stabilisation of large-macroaggregates.","Positive effect on SOC; Little effect on macro-aggregates","NA"]
["Scavo A ; Fontanazza S ; Restuccia A ; Pesce GR ; Abbate C ; Mauromicale G ;","The role of cover crops in improving soil fertility and plant nutritional status in temperate climates. A review",2022,"Journal","Review","10.1007/s13593-022-00825-0","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil fertility","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs improve the physical, chemical and biological soil properties.","Positive effect on soil structure","NA"]
["Shepherd M A;","The effectiveness of cover crops during eight years of a UK sandland rotation",1999,"Journal","Article","https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1999.tb00062.x","UK",53.314,1.121,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Conventional Practice","Nitrate leaching","Soil Matter","Sandy","Not described","Monitoring",8,"NA","CI","Field","CC usually decreased N leaching, effectiveness depended on good establishment before start of drainage. Over 7 years, CC decreased N conc. In draingage from 24 to 11mg L-1.","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]
["Sleiderink Joost ; Deru Joachim GC; van der Weide Rommie ; van Eekeren Nick ;","Effects of reduced tillage and prolonged cover cropping in maize on soil quality and yield.",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.still.2024.106196","Netherlands",51.529000000000003,5.0129999999999999,"Soil Properties","Soil organic matter; Soil biota","Temperate","Soil","Winter Rye, Peas","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC (prolonged)","Tillage (conventional, non-inversion till, strip tillage, no-till)","Soil Organic Matter","Soil Matter","Sandy","Not described","Manipulative",8,"NA","CI","Field","Severe compaction prone soils can be recovered with a prolonged cover crop.","Positive effect on soil compaction","NA"]
["Stroud JL ; Irons DE ; Watts CW ; Storkey J ; Morris NL ; Stobart RM ; Fielding HA ; Whitmore AP ;","Cover cropping with oilseed radish (<i>Raphanus sativus</i>) alone does not enhance deep burrowing earthworm (<i>Lumbricus terrestris</i>) midden counts",2017,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.still.2016.07.013","UK",52.613999999999997,0.88600000000000001,"Soil Biodiversity","Earthworms","Temperate","Soil","Oilseed Radish","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Earthworm abundance","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Monitoring",8,"Yearly ","CI","Field","All trials showed that cover cropping with oilseed radish had no significant effect on Lumbricus terrestris midden counts.","No effect on earthworm counts","NA"]
["Talve T ; Talgre L ; Toom M ; Edesi L ; Karron E ; Koll B ; Eremeev V ; Luik A ; Loit E ; Börjesson G ;","Composition of the microbial community in long-term organic and conventional farming systems",2022,"Journal","Article","10.13080/z-a.2022.109.013","Sweden",59.859000000000002,17.638999999999999,"Soil Biodiversity","Soil microbial communities","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Conventional Practice","Soil microbial communities","Soil Biodiversity","NA","Conventional, Organic","Monitoring",10,"NA","CI","Field","All microbial groups were higher in organic farming system (both with CC) compared to conventional. Relative abundance of microbial community did not show significance between farming systems.","Positive effect on soil microbial community","NA"]
["Thapa Resham ; Mirsky Steven B; Tully Katherine L;","Cover Crops Reduce Nitrate Leaching in Agroecosystems:A Global Meta-Analysis",2018,"Journal","Meta-analysis","https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2018.03.0107","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Non-leguminous CCs substaintially reduce nitrate leaching. Nonlegume-legume CC mixes reduced nitrate leaching as effectively as non-legumes and better than legumes.","Positive effect on N leaching","Lack of variance information in most resarch prevents greater insight into the degree to which CC improve water quality."]
["Valkama E ; Lemola R ; Känkänen H ; Turtola E ;","Meta-analysis of the effects of undersown catch crops on nitrogen leaching loss and grain yields in the Nordic countries",2015,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.023","Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","Temperate","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","Non-legume CCs (mainly ryegrass sp.) reduced N leaching loss by 50% average and soil nitrate N/ inorganic N by 35%. Legume CC (white and red clovers) did not diminish the risk for N leaching. ","Mixed effect on N leaching","Non-legume CC effective method of reducing N leaching"]
["Van Eerd LL ; Chahal I ; Peng YJ ; Awrey JC ;","Influence of cover crops at the four spheres: A review of ecosystem services, potential barriers, and future directions for North America",2023,"Journal","Review","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159990","North America","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Ecosystem services","Soil Structure, Soil Matter, Soil Biodiversity","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC increased SOC storage, reduced wind and water erosion, suppressed plant pathogens and increase soil microbial activity.","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Further research on long-term effects"]
["Vavlas NC ; Porre R ; Meng L ; Elhakeem A ; van Egmond F ; Kooistra L ; De Deyn GB ;","Cover crop impacts on soil organic matter dynamics and its quantification using UAV and proximal sensing",2024,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.atech.2024.100621","Netherlands",52.210999999999999,5.97,"Soil Properties","Soil organic matter","Temperate","Soil","Mixture, Oilseed Radish","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Fallow","Soil Organic Matter","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",6,"NA","CI","Field","Found that cover crops radish and oat-radish mixture significantly increase SOM levels compared to fallow treatment. ","Positive effect on SOM","Primarily research on proximal and remote sensesing using UAV sampling methods"]
["Vogeler I ; Hansen EM ; Thomsen IK ;","The effect of catch crops in spring barley on nitrate leaching and their fertilizer replacement value",2023,"Journal","Article","10.1016/j.agee.2022.108282","Denmark",56.264000000000003,9.5020000000000007,"Soil Health","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Mixture, Legumes, Winter Rye, Fodder Radish, Annual ryegrass","CC used more than once","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","CC","CC","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","Sandy","Not described","Manipulative",4,"Yearly","CI","Field","Fodder radish showed significantly lower leaching compared with other catch crops and the winter rye had the highest leaching. 20 year model showed catch crops reducded N leaching by 38-64% when grown every year, and by 21-39% when grown only every second year.","Positive effect on N leaching","38-64% yearly grown, 21-39% every other year"]
["Wanic M ; Zuk-Golaszewska K ; Orzech K ;","CATCH CROPS AND THE SOIL ENVIRONMENT - A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE",2019,"Journal","Review","10.5601/jelem.2018.23.3.1638","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil Organic Matter","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC increase organic carbon content, limit nutrient leaching, decrease soil compaction, improve soil aeration and soil porosity, improve soil structure, enhance microbial and enzymatic activity in soil.","Positive effect on soil health indicators","NA"]
["Weber J ; Jamroz E ; Mielnik L ; Spaccini R ; Kocowicz A ; Cwielag-Piasecka I ; Jerzykiewicz M ; Parylak D ; Debicka M ;","Changes in Soil Humin Macromolecular Structure Resulting from Long-Term Catch Cropping.",2024,"Journal","Article","\n10.3390/molecules29215049","Switzerland",46.817999999999998,8.2279999999999998,"Soil Health","Soil Humin Structure","Temperate","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Composition of humic substances","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Monitoring",30,"NA","CI","Field","Results indicate that organic residues from catch crops quickly undergo the decay process and are transformed mainly into highly reactive humus substances, which can potentially improve soil health.","Positive effect on humic substances","NA"]
["Wilczewski E ; Jug I ; Szpunar-Krok E ; Staniak M ; Jug D ;","Shaping Soil Properties and Yield of Cereals Using Cover Crops under Conservation Soil Tillage",2024,"Journal","Review","10.3390/agronomy14092104","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil physical and biological properties","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs can increase the number of soil microorganisms and improve the activity of soil enzymes. In some cases an increase in available forms of organic matter.   ","Positive effect on soil biodiversity","Legumes used as CC in low-fertility soil conditions and at low fertilisation levels. Non-legumes play postive role in shaping soil properties."]
["Wood SA ; Bowman M ;","Large-scale farmer-led experiment demonstrates positive impact of cover crops on multiple soil health indicators.",2021,"Journal","Article","10.1038/s43016-021-00222-y","USA (Northern States)","NA","NA","Soil Health","Soil health parameters","Unsure","Soil","Not Mentioned","CC in long term rotation","NA","NA","CC","NA","Soil health indicators","Soil Structure, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Monitoring",5,"NA","CI","Field","Found that up to 5 years of CC use had small but increasing impacts on 4/6 selected soil health indicators, with active carbon conc. Responding the most rapidly. Results suggest that the use of CC can begin to influence soil health within several years after adoption","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Soil health data from farmer-led trials (1,522 strip-years from 78 farms across 9 US states)"]
["Wooliver Rachel ; Jagadamma Sindhu ;","Response of soil organic carbon fractions to cover cropping: a meta-analysis of agroecosystems.",2023,"Journal","Meta-analysis","10.1016/j.agee.2023.108497","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Properties","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Non-CC and Fallow control soils","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","In 5 years mentioned","NA","Review","Global","CCs increased total particulate organic C (14.94%) and total mineral-associated organic C (5.56%) vs non-cover cropped and fallow soil controls. POC more responsive to CC than MAOC in an average of 5 years.","Positive effect on soil C stocks","NA"]
["Yang Z ; Singh BR ; Sitaula BK ;","Fractions of organic carbon in soils under different crop rotations, cover crops and fertilization practices.",2004,"Journal","Article","10.1023/B:FRES.0000048479.30593.ea","Norway",60.472000000000001,8.4689999999999994,"Soil Properties","Soil organic carbon","Temperate","Soil","Ryegrass, Clover","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Soil Organic Carbon","Soil Matter","Clay Loam","Not described","Monitoring","13-48","NA","CI","Field","The effects of CC on SOC were found to not be significant in this experiment.","No effect on SOC after 48 years","NA"]
["Yousefi M ; Dray A ; Ghazoul J ;","Assessing the effectiveness of cover crops on ecosystem services: a review of the benefits, challenges, and trade-offs",2024,"Journal","Review","10.1080/14735903.2024.2335106","Multiple Countries","NA","NA","Soil Health","NA","NA","Soil","Multiple Crops","Review Paper","Control","CC vs Control","CC","Monocropping","Ecosystem services","Soil Biodiversity, Soil Structure, Soil Matter","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CC in general enhances soil biodiversity and nutrient cycling, prevents runoff and N leaching, improves soil physical properies and C sequestration over the long term compared to monocropping.","Positive effect on soil health indicators","Mentions long term but not what that means in context"]
["Yuan Yong-ping ; Book Ruth S; Mankin Kyle R; Koropeckyj-Cox Lydia ; Christianson Laura ; Messer Tiffany ; Christianson Reid ;","An overview of the effectiveness of agricultural conservation practices for water quality improvement.",2022,"Journal","Review","10.13031/ja.14503","NA","NA","NA","Soil Properties","Water quality improvement","NA","Soil","Not Mentioned","Review Paper","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","CC","5 other practices","Nutrient & Sediment Loss","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Review","NA","NA","Review","Global","CCs were effective in reducing nitrate-N loads in subsurface drainage. CC were also effective in reducing sediment and total P loads.","Positive effect on water quality improvement","NA"]
["Zyskowski RF ; Teixeira EI ; Malcolm BJ ; Johnstone PR ; Ruiter JM de;","Effectiveness of winter cover crops to reduce nitrogen leaching losses in cropping systems in Waikato, New Zealand.",2016,"Journal","Article",null,"New Zealand",-37.619,174.023,"Soil Properties","Leaching","Temperate","Soil","Triticale","CC in long term rotation","Control","CC vs Control","CC","No CC","Nitrate leaching","Soil Structure","NA","Not described","Simulation",28,"NA","Simulation","Regional","Simulations found that CC were effective in reducing N leaching for both soils of varying water holding capacity and N loads. Results also show early sowing dates can reduce the amount of N leached by around 70% in early sown crops (March) to 25% in late sown crops (June).","Positive effect on N leaching","NA"]

{"sheet":"Lists","index":3,"n_rows":42,"n_cols":14,"rows_kept":42,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["Pub.type","Ref.type","Location","Art.topic","Population","Cover Crop","CC Rotation","Comparator","Treat.cat","Measured outcome cat","Farm.sys","Study Design","Replication","Scale"]
["Journal","Article","Austria","Soil Health","Soil","Alfalfa","CC used more than once","Control","CC vs Control","Soil Biodiversity","Conventional","Manipulative","BACI","Plot"]
["EU Project","Conference Paper","Belarus","Soil Biodiversity","Wider Environment","Crown Vetch","CC in long term rotation","Alternative Practice","CC vs AP","Soil Structure","Organic","Correlative","BA","Field"]
["Policy Report/ Brief","Project Summary","Belgium","Rotational Impacts","NA","Red Clover","Review Paper","CC Comparison","CC vs CC","Soil Matter","IPM","Monitoring","CI","Farm"]
["Report","Policy Brief","Canada","Soil Properties",null,"Sweet Clover",null,"NA","NA","Soil Minerals","Not described","Sampling","Simulation","Catchment"]
[null,"Organisational Report","Czechia","NA",null,"White Clover",null,null,null,"NA","NA","Review","None","Regional"]
[null,"Review","Denmark",null,null,"Clover",null,null,null,null,null,"Simulation","Review","National"]
[null,"Systematic Review","Estonia",null,null,"Lucerne",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Global"]
[null,"Meta-analysis","Finland",null,null,"Sainfoin"]
[null,"Quantitative Review","France",null,null,"Peas"]
[null,null,"Germany",null,null,"Beans"]
[null,null,"Hungary",null,null,"Hairy Vetch"]
[null,null,"Ireland",null,null,"Common Vetch"]
[null,null,"Latvia",null,null,"Berseem Clover"]
[null,null,"Liechtenstein",null,null,"Crimson Clover"]
[null,null,"Lithuania",null,null,"Black Medic"]
[null,null,"Luxembourg",null,null,"Soya"]
[null,null,"Netherlands",null,null,"Winter Rye"]
[null,null,"New Zealand",null,null,"Black Oats"]
[null,null,"USA (Northern States)",null,null,"Annual ryegrass"]
[null,null,"Norway",null,null,"Perennial Ryegrass"]
[null,null,"Poland",null,null,"Sudan Grass"]
[null,null,"Romania",null,null,"White Mustard"]
[null,null,"Slovakia",null,null,"Brown Mustard"]
[null,null,"Sweden",null,null,"Mustard"]
[null,null,"Switzerland",null,null,"Oat"]
[null,null,"UK",null,null,"Oilseed Radish"]
[null,null,"Ukraine",null,null,"Oilseed Rape"]
[null,null,"Europe",null,null,"Forage Rape"]
[null,null,"North America",null,null,"Fodder Radish"]
[null,null,"Multiple Countries",null,null,"Buckwheat"]
[null,null,"NA",null,null,"Phacelia"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Chicory"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Linseed"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Triticale"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Brassica"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Ryegrass"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Legumes"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Mixture"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Multiple Crops"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Not Mentioned"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"NA"]